In 1941, a few months before Hitler's invasion of the USSR, the Axis powers conquered the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Until the end of World War II, a series of interrelated struggles took place over this territory, an ideological and ethnic war waged by rival powers and armies and fought between insurgents, armed bands, and militias. These groups were influenced by many ideologies and sought either to return to an imagined past within the Nazi New Order or to form a new Yugoslavia sympathetic to the Allied cause. The victors were communists, led by Marshal Tito, and, until now, the history of this short but tragic period has been mainly told from their perspective. Drawing on oral histories and archival sources only recently made available, Stevan K. Pavlowitch, a world-renowned historian of the Balkans, reconstructs a complete portrait of this complicated history. Many wars were fought alongside, as well as under the cover of, the Allies' war against Hitler's New Order, and in Yugoslavia, these battles created a new disorder that historians are only now beginning to understand. Turning to the work of scholars in several languages, Pavlowitch illuminates what actually happened on the ground, providing a definitive history of what Yugoslavs endured on both the Axis and the Allied sides.