Preface p. ix About the Author p. xiv Chapter 1 Introduction: The Terrorist Threat p. 1 Terrorism Trends Over the Last Three Decades p. 5 Part 1 Terrorism p. 15 Chapter 2 The Perennial Debate: What Is Terrorism? p. 17 The Meaning of Terrorism Over Time p. 19 The Definitional Potpourri p. 20 Obama Administration: Downplaying the ôTö Word p. 28 Is Terrorism Ever Justified? p. 28 State Terror(ism) and State-Sponsored Terrorism p. 30 State Sponsors of Terrorism p. 31 The Meaning of Terrorism in This Volume p. 32 Chapter 3 Terrorism in the Global Context p. 35 Different Types of Groups p. 36 The Roots of Modern Terrorism p. 37 The Post-World War II Wave p. 39 1968: The Advent of Modem-Day Terrorism p. 41 IRA and ETA: Groups That Transcend the Average Life Span of Terrorist Groups p. 42 The Decline of Left-Wing Terrorism p. 44 The Rise of Catastrophic Terrorism p. 45 Unrestrained Terrorism and Counterterrorism after the Cold War p. 46 The Old and New Terrorism in the Post-Cold War Era p. 47 Modernization, Globalization, and the Proliferation of Religious Violence p. 48 Technological Advances and Global Communication p. 52 Chapter 4 Terrorism in the American Context p. 55 Right-Wing Terrorism p. 55 The Ku Klux Klan p. 56 Christian Identity and Neo-Nazi Groups p. 59 The Patriot and Militia Movement p. 62 The Surge of the Black Supremacist Movement p. 65 Left-Wing Terrorism p. 65 The First Anarchists in the United States p. 65 The Weather Underground p. 67 The Black Panther Party p. 68 The Symbionese Liberation Army p. 69 Single-Issue Terrorism p. 70 Antiabortion Violence p. 70 The Animal and Earth Liberation Fronts p. 71 The Jewish Defense League p. 73 Puerto Rican Nationalist Groups p. 73 Ideological Waves p. 74 Chapter 5 Religious Terrorism: Political Violence in the Name of God p. 79 Defending the Faith in ôCosmic Warsö p. 83 The Proliferation of Religious Violence p. 85 Alienation, Humiliation, and Fear p. 86 The Jihadi Movement and Political Violence p. 88 Muslims p. 89 Islamists p. 89 Salafis and Wahhabis p. 90 Jihadis p. 90 Jihadi Ideology p. 92 Homegrown Jihadis in the West-Including the United States p. 95 Chapter 6 The Making of Terrorists: Causes, Conditions, Influences p. 102 Terrorism as a Result of Rational Choice p. 105 Terrorism as a Result of Personal Traits p. 107 Terrorism as a Result of Social Interaction p. 108 Gender and Terrorism p. 109 For the Sake of Love p. 111 Demonstration of Gender Equality p. 111 Can Real Women Become Terrorists? p. 113 Tactical Advantages of Female Terrorists p. 113 Children as Terrorists p. 115 The Lack of a Universal Terrorist Profile p. 116 The Stages Leading to Terrorism p. 116 The Roots of Terrorism: No Simple Answers p. 119 Chapter 7 From State Sponsors to Involuntary Hosts p. 123 Former and Current State Sponsors p. 128 Iraq p. 128 Libya p. 129 Sudan p. 129 Syria p. 130 The Case of Saudi Arabia p. 131 When Governments Reconsider Their Support for Terrorism p. 132 Failed and Failing States and ôBrown Areasö p. 133 Involuntary Host Countries p. 134 Chapter 8 Common Thread: Goals, Targets, Tactics p. 136 Do Terrorists Achieve Their Goals? p. 137 The Selection of Targets p. 138 Terrorist Methods: From Primitive Bombs to WMD p. 140 Most Common Methods of Terrorist Attacks p. 141 Most Likely CBRN Weapons in the Hands of Terrorists p. 154 Chapter 9 Organizational Structures and the Financing of Terror p. 160 When Terrorist Groups Decline or End p. 167 Financing Terrorism p. 168 Narco-Terrorism or Narco-Funded Terrorism? p. 170 Part 2 Counterterrorism p. 173 Chapter 10 Terrorism and America's Post-9/11 National Security Strategy p. 175 President Bush's National Security Strategy p. 179 I Making the World Safer and Better p. 180 II Preemption Before Threats Become Imminent p. 180 III Unilateral Use of Force p. 181 President Obama's National Security Strategy p. 182 Chapter 11 The Utility of Hard and Soft Power in Counterterrorism p. 188 Military Hard Power p. 191 Military Retaliation/Reprisal p. 191 Military Preemption p. 193 Commando Raids p. 195 Assassinations p. 196 Hostage Rescue Missions p. 197 Nonmilitary Hard Power: Economic Sanctions p. 199 Drying Up Financial Resources p. 200 Soft Power and Counterterrorism p. 200 Deterrence p. 200 Diplomacy p. 201 Talking to Terrorist Groups p. 203 Public Diplomacy p. 205 Conciliation and Peace p. 207 Chapter 12 Balancing Security, Liberty, and Human Rights p. 211 The Rights of ôEnemy Combatantsö p. 219 Torture: Leaders and Followers p. 222 Obama on Torture and Rendition p. 229 Torture: The Public Debate p. 230 Chapter 13 Homeland Security: Preparedness and Prevention p. 235 Post-9/11 Reorganization of Homeland Security p. 238 General and Specific Homeland Security Strategies p. 243 It's the Intelligence, Stupid p. 244 Reorganization of the Intelligence Community p. 248 International Cooperation p. 251 Congress Resists Change p. 253 Part 3 The News Media and the Internet p. 257 Chapter 14 Terrorist Propaganda and the Media p. 259 Publicity: The Universal Terrorist Goal p. 262 An Alternative View: Contemporary Terrorists Do Not Need Publicity p. 263 Terrorism and the Triangle of Communication p. 264 Media-Related Goals p. 265 The Attention-Getting Goal p. 265 The Recognition Goal p. 266 The Respectability/Legitimacy Goal p. 269 Bedfellows in a Marriage of Convenience p. 270 Media and Terrorist Contagion p. 271 Defending the Media p. 272 Treason or Public Service? p. 273 Chapter 15 Terror and Hate in Cyberspace p. 276 Terrorists and the Newest Communication Technologies p. 279 Propaganda and Hero Worship p. 281 The Internet as a Tool to Plan and Carry Out Terrorist Operations p. 286 The Web and the Retrieval of Valuable Information p. 289 Online Recruitment p. 289 Fund-Raising via the Net p. 290 Chapter 16 Anti- and Counterterrorism in the News p. 293 The Media and Military Responses to Terrorism p. 296 The Bombing of Libya (1986) p. 296 Bombing of Iraq's Intelligence Headquarters (1993) p. 297 Missile Strikes in Afghanistan and Sudan (1998) p. 297 The Post-9/11 War Against Terrorism p. 298 Military Action Against Al Qaeda and the Taliban (2001) p. 300 The Invasion of Iraq (2003) p. 301 The Iraq War: Different News Coverage Abroad p. 304 Chapter 17 Conclusion: Living with Terrorist Threats p. 307 Appendix: Major Terrorist Incidents Since the Early 1970s p. 313 Bibliography p. 323 Index p. 331.