GAO has identified spare parts supply as a long-standing Department of Defense (DoD) management problem. In December 2003, GAO reported on problems with Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) logistics support including shortages of spare parts and supplies in Iraq. This report expands on that effort by assessing the following: (1) what supply shortages were experienced by U.S. forces in Iraq between October 2002 and September 2004, and what impact the shortages had on their operations; (2) what primary deficiencies in the supply system contributed to any identified supply shortages; and (3) what actions DoD has taken to improve the timely availability of supplies for current and future operations. To address these objectives, GAO selected nine items that represented possible shortages with operational impacts. U.S. troops experienced shortages of seven of the nine items GAO reviewed. GAO identified five systemic deficiencies that contributed to shortages of the reviewed items, including inaccurate Army war reserve spare parts requirements and ineffective distribution. Annual updates of Army war reserve parts requirements have not been conducted since 1999. As a result, the war reserves did not contain enough track shoes, batteries, and tires to support U.S. forces during initial operations. Effective distribution relies on a seamless process to promptly move supplies from the United States to a customer. GAO found that conflicting doctrinal responsibilities for distribution management, improperly packed shipments, insufficient transportation personnel and equipment, and inadequate information systems prevented the timely availability of four of the items. While U.S. troops developed short-term solutions to manage item shortages during OIF, DoD and the services have begun to undertake systemic, long-term changes to fix the supply problems identified. The majority of the changes are focused on distribution, and not on the full gamut of systemic deficiencies GAO identified7.