Modern Navy towing, as we perceive it today, began at the beginning of World War II. Prior to WWII, the Navy owned few salvage ships of its own and depended heavily on contracted assets to perform the duties of towing and salvage. Merritt-Chapman and Scott was one of the premier towing and salvage contractors of the day and maintained an inventory of assets. They held a contract with the Navy to perform ship salvage on an as needed, no cure-no pay basis. As the US watched the war in Europe develop, the need for specialized vessels and a dedicated service became apparent. The Royal Navy of Great Britain was forced into performing these tasks as German U-boats inflicted damage throughout the military and commercial fleet. Performing towing and salvage services on damaged vessels was most often a faster and cheaper way of putting the necessary tonnage back into service. In October of 1941, Congress pressed through legislation that gave the Navy the contracting authority to obtain the salvage resources, public or private, necessary to perform operations that were deemed in the best interest of the country. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor and four days later the Navy signed a contract with Merritt-Chapman and Scott establishing the Navy Salvage Service. This service was responsible for performing offshore salvage on east and west coasts, the Caribbean, Alaska, and Panama. To do this, it utilized leased commercial assets including tugs. The responsibility for towing distressed or disabled ships into port, however, did not lie with the Navy Salvage Service. This duty was the responsibility of the tugs attached to the naval districts. This arrangement made it difficult to muster a large quantity of tugs to respond to large groups of casualties that often resulted from German U-boat attacks. These casualties included not only fleet vessels but merchant ships, which were logistically critical to the war effort. The US knew the value of keeping a strong logistical force operating. To help rectify these shortfalls and to better utilize the available assets, the Navy formed the Navy Rescue Towing Service. This service fell under the command of Commander, Eastern Sea Frontier, and operated exclusively on the Atlantic Coast. All available tugs were organized under this service, which was headed by Edmond Moran of Moran Towing. Edmond Moran understood the towing industry and was enrolled in the Naval Reserve to perform this duty. This organization for the most part alleviated the problems of asset allocation and allowed the rescue of many tons of ships and cargo.