Urbanization, Inequality, and Poverty in the People's Republic of China

Urbanization, Inequality, and Poverty in the People's Republic of China
Author: Yuan Zhang
Publisher:
Total Pages: 35
Release: 2016
Genre:
ISBN:

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Relying on the present literature, official statistics, and household survey data in the People's Republic of China (PRC), this paper summarizes research findings on the relationship between urbanization, urban-rural inequality, and poverty, and provides further empirical evidence on the role of urbanization and government policies in urban poverty. Several conclusions can be drawn from this paper. First, urbanization has a significant effect on reducing both poverty of rural residents and poverty of migrating peasants, and, consequently, has a positive effect on narrowing the rural-urban income/consumption gap. Urban labor markets play an important role in this effect. Second, urbanization is positively correlated to urban poverty. This can be explained by the competition between migrating peasants and urban workers in the labor market, and the failure of the government's anti-poverty policies in urban areas. Third, the existence of an informal sector has a negative effect on the poverty of urban citizens. Being employed by the informal sector significantly increases the probability of falling into poverty for urban citizens. Fourth, the minimum wage has a positive effect on reducing urban poverty, while the effect of other policies, such as Di Bao and Minimum Living Standard, is limited.

Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty in Urban China

Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty in Urban China
Author: Hiroshi Sato
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 346
Release: 2006-09-27
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1134303076

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Based on extensive original research, this book explores many aspects of unemployment, inequality and poverty in urban China.

Urban Poverty, Housing and Social Change in China

Urban Poverty, Housing and Social Change in China
Author: Ya Ping Wang
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 159
Release: 2004-10-21
Genre: Architecture
ISBN: 113439778X

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There is a close association between urban poverty and housing transitional societies. Along with job security, housing was the most important element of the socialist welfare system. Housing privatisation has far reaching economic implications.

Urban Inequality and Segregation in Europe and China

Urban Inequality and Segregation in Europe and China
Author: Gwilym Pryce
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 372
Release: 2021-11-16
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3030745449

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This open access book explores new research directions in social inequality and urban segregation. With the goal of fostering an ongoing dialogue between scholars in Europe and China, it brings together an impressive team of international researchers to shed light on the entwined processes of inequality and segregation, and the implications for urban development. Through a rich collection of empirical studies at the city, regional and national levels, the book explores the impact of migration on cities, the related problems of social and spatial segregation, and the ramifications for policy reform. While the literature on both segregation and inequality has traditionally been dominated by European and North American studies, there is growing interest in these issues in the Chinese context. Economic liberalization, rapid industrial restructuring, the enormous growth of cities, and internal migration, have all reshaped the country profoundly. What have we learned from the European and North American experience of segregation and inequality, and what insights can be gleaned to inform the bourgeoning interest in these issues in the Chinese context? How is China different, both in terms of the nature and the consequences of segregation inequality, and what are the implications for future research and policy? Given the continued rise of China’s significance in the world, and its recent declaration of war on poverty, this book offers a timely contribution to scholarship, identifying the core insights to be learned from existing research, and providing important guidance on future directions for policy makers and researchers.

Urban Poverty in China

Urban Poverty in China
Author: Fulong Wu
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Total Pages: 271
Release: 2010-01-01
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 1849803560

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Wow! What a tour de force! This timely, masterly work does everything, from broad empirical comparison to theory, quantitative correlation to case studies of neighborhoods and quotations from individual life histories. Its findings from 25 neighborhoods in six cities demonstrate convincingly that urban destitution is not homogeneous, is concentrated in and generated by location, and has patterned institutional roots that produced varying processes of pauperization. This superb book must put to rest once and for all references to Chinese poverty as a matter of just the rural areas and their residents. Dorothy J. Solinger, University of California, Irvine, US Market reform has brought new forms of poverty to urban China, even while the standard of living of most urban residents has greatly improved. This research uses interviews with people in six cities to document their situation and to show how poverty is rooted in the failure of support systems in their neighborhoods and communities. It offers a stark evaluation of a system of inequalities that is only beginning to be addressed by state policy. John R. Logan, Brown University, US Urban poverty is an emerging problem. This book explores the household and neighbourhood factors that lead to both the generation and continuance of urban poverty in China. It is argued that the urban Chinese are not a homogenous social group, but combine laid-off workers and rural migrants, resulting in stark contrasts between migrant and workers neighbourhoods and villages. The expert authors examine the new urban poor in China and the dynamics of their poor neighbourhoods, highlighting both household experience and neighbourhood changes affecting the urban poor. Urban Poverty in China is based upon a comprehensive household survey in six Chinese cities and provides insights into microscopic and neighbourhood-level poverty dynamics. The comprehensive study explores the spatial implications such as concentration of poverty as well as the differentiation within poor neighbourhoods. This informative book tells an insightful story about evolving urban poverty in Chinese cities that will be invaluable to researchers and postgraduate students within urban studies, geography, social policy and development studies as well as Chinese and Asian studies. It will also prove to be an invaluable read for researchers in urban and social development and international development agencies.

Strategic Options for Urbanization in the People’s Republic of China

Strategic Options for Urbanization in the People’s Republic of China
Author: Asian Development Bank
Publisher: Asian Development Bank
Total Pages: 51
Release: 2013-09-01
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 9292542494

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Over the past 30 years, rapid urbanization and economic growth have transformed the cities of the People's Republic of China (PRC). But this unprecedented urbanization has highlighted challenges that demand significant changes to basic urban management and planning policies. This report is based on a 2011–2012 policy study for the PRC's forthcoming national urbanization plan that will set out urban development policies and guidelines over the coming decade. It examines the PRC's urbanization challenges and suggests actions for improving the urban environment through changes in the design, financing, administration, and social integration of cities.

Urban Poverty in Asia

Urban Poverty in Asia
Author: Asian Development Bank
Publisher: Asian Development Bank
Total Pages: 152
Release: 2014-09-01
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 9292546643

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This report provides an overview of important urban poverty questions. What defines urban poverty and how is urban poverty being measured? What other factors beyond consumption poverty need to be tackled? Who are the urban poor? What relations exist between urban poverty and city size? What linkages exist between urbanization, income, and urban poverty? What policy responses to urban poverty are implemented in selected Asian countries? The report served as a background study for the International Policy Workshop on Urban Poverty and Inclusive Cities in Asia, organized by the Asian Development Bank and the International Poverty Reduction Center held from 24-25 June 2013 in Suqian, Jiangsu Province, the People's Republic of China.

Four Decades of Poverty Reduction in China

Four Decades of Poverty Reduction in China
Author: World Bank;Development Research Center of the State Council, the People's Republic of China
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Total Pages: 170
Release: 2022-09-22
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1464818789

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Regardless of the poverty line used, the speed and scale of China’s poverty reduction is historically unprecedented. Over the past 40 years, the number of people in China with incomes below US$1.90 per day—the international poverty line as defined by the World Bank to track global extreme poverty—has fallen by close to 800 million, accounting for almost three-quarters of the global reduction in extreme poverty. In 2021, China declared that it had eradicated extreme poverty according to its national poverty threshold, and that it had built a “moderately prosperous society in all respects.†? However, a significant number of people remain vulnerable, with incomes below a threshold more typically used to define poverty in upper-middle-income countries. China has set a new goal of approaching common prosperity by 2035, which can help keep the policy focus on the vulnerable population. Four Decades of Poverty Reduction in China: Drivers, Insights for the World, and the Way Ahead explores the key drivers of China’s poverty alleviation achievements and considers the lessons of China’s experience for other developing countries. The report also makes suggestions for China’s future policies. China’s approach to poverty reduction was based on two pillars. The first aimed for broad-based economic transformation to open new economic opportunities and raise average incomes. The second was the recognition that targeted support was needed to alleviate persistent poverty; this support was initially provided to disadvantaged areas and later to individual households. The success of China’s economic development and the associated reduction of poverty also benefited from effective governance, which helped coordinate multiple government agencies and induce cooperation from nongovernment stakeholders. To illustrate the role of broad-based economic transformation for poverty alleviation, separate sections of the report analyze growing agricultural productivity, incremental industrialization, managed urbanization and rural-to-urban migration, and the role of infrastructure.

Inequality in China – Trends, Drivers and Policy Remedies

Inequality in China – Trends, Drivers and Policy Remedies
Author: Ms.Sonali Jain-Chandra
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 31
Release: 2018-06-05
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1484360958

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China has experienced rapid economic growth over the past two decades and is on the brink of eradicating poverty. However, income inequality increased sharply from the early 1980s and rendered China among the most unequal countries in the world. This trend has started to reverse as China has experienced a modest decline in inequality since 2008. This paper identifies various drivers behind these trends – including structural changes such as urbanization and aging and, more recently, policy initiatives to combat it. It finds that policies will need to play an important role in curbing inequality in the future, as projected structural trends will put further strain on equity considerations. In particular, fiscal policy reforms have the potential to enhance inclusiveness and equity, both on the tax and expenditure side.

One Country, Two Societies

One Country, Two Societies
Author: Martin K. Whyte
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Total Pages: 462
Release: 2010-02-25
Genre: History
ISBN: 9780674036307

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"A collection of essays that analyzes China's foremost social cleavage: the rural-urban gap. It examines the historical background of rural-urban relations; the size and trend in the income gap between rural and urban residents; aspects of inequality apart from income; and, experiences of discrimination, particularly among urban migrants." -- BOOK PUBLISHER WEBSITE.