Types & Grammar

Types & Grammar
Author: Kyle Simpson
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2015
Genre: Application software
ISBN: 9781491904190

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The "You Don't Know JS" series takes a closer look at the features of JavaScript that developers find confusing, and therefore avoid, or use incorrectly. This book focuses on the type system in JavaScript, which is subject to a number of misconceptions.

Anaphora and Type Logical Grammar

Anaphora and Type Logical Grammar
Author: Gerhard Jäger
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 301
Release: 2005-12-08
Genre: Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN: 1402039050

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Type Logical Grammar is a framework that emerged from the synthesis of two traditions: Categorial Grammar from formal linguistics and substructural logics from logic. Grammatical composition is conceived as resource conscious logical deduction. Such a grammar is necessarily surface oriented and lexicalistic. The Curry-Howard correspondence supplies an elegant compositional mapping from syntax to semantics. Anaphora does not seem to fit well into this framework. In type logical deductions, each resource is used exactly once. Anaphora, however, is a phenomenon where semantic resources are used more than once. Generally admitting the multiple use of lexical resources is not possible because it would lead to empirical inadequacy and computational intractability. This book develops a hybrid architecture that allows to incorporate anaphora resolution into grammatical deduction while avoiding these consequences. To this end, the grammar logic is enriched with a connective that specifically deals with anaphora. After giving a self-contained introduction into Type Logical Grammar in general, the book discusses the formal properties of this connective. In the sequel, Jäger applies this machinery to numerous linguistic phenomena pertaining to the interaction of pronominal anaphora, VP ellipsis and quantification. In the final chapter, the framework is extended to indefiniteness, specificity and sluicing.

An Introduction to Word Grammar

An Introduction to Word Grammar
Author: Richard Hudson
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages:
Release: 2010-07-29
Genre: Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN: 1139491652

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Word grammar is a theory of language structure and is based on the assumption that language, and indeed the whole of knowledge, is a network, and that virtually all of knowledge is learned. It combines the psychological insights of cognitive linguistics with the rigour of more formal theories. This textbook spans a broad range of topics from prototypes, activation and default inheritance to the details of syntactic, morphological and semantic structure. It introduces elementary ideas from cognitive science and uses them to explain the structure of language including a survey of English grammar.

Type-Logical Syntax

Type-Logical Syntax
Author: Yusuke Kubota
Publisher: MIT Press
Total Pages: 420
Release: 2020-09-15
Genre: Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN: 0262539748

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A novel logic-based framework for representing the syntax-semantics interface of natural language, applicable to a range of phenomena. In this book, Yusuke Kubota and Robert Levine propose a type-logical version of categorial grammar as a viable alternative model of natural language syntax and semantics. They show that this novel logic-based framework is applicable to a range of phenomena—especially in the domains of coordination and ellipsis—that have proven problematic for traditional approaches. The type-logical syntax the authors propose takes derivations of natural language sentences to be proofs in a particular kind of logic governing the way words and phrases are combined. This logic builds on and unifies two deductive systems from the tradition of categorial grammar; the resulting system, Hybrid Type-Logical Categorial Grammar (Hybrid TLCG) enables comprehensive approaches to coordination (gapping, dependent cluster coordination, and right-node raising) and ellipsis (VP ellipsis, pseudogapping, and extraction/ellipsis interaction). It captures a number of intricate patterns of interaction between scopal operators and seemingly incomplete constituents that are frequently found in these two empirical domains. Kubota and Levine show that the hybrid calculus underlying their framework incorporates key analytic ideas from competing approaches in the generative syntax literature to offer a unified and systematic treatment of data that have posed considerable difficulties for previous accounts. Their account demonstrates that logic is a powerful tool for analyzing the deeper principles underlying the syntax and semantics of natural language.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary
Author: Kate Woodford
Publisher:
Total Pages: 1550
Release: 2003
Genre: Foreign Language Study
ISBN: 9780521824231

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The Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary is the ideal dictionary for advanced EFL/ESL learners. Easy to use and with a great CD-ROM - the perfect learner's dictionary for exam success. First published as the Cambridge International Dictionary of English, this new edition has been completely updated and redesigned. - References to over 170,000 words, phrases and examples explained in clear and natural English - All the important new words that have come into the language (e.g. dirty bomb, lairy, 9/11, clickable) - Over 200 'Common Learner Error' notes, based on the Cambridge Learner Corpus from Cambridge ESOL exams Plus, on the CD-ROM: - SMART thesaurus - lets you find all the words with the same meaning - QUICKfind - automatically looks up words while you are working on-screen - SUPERwrite - tools for advanced writing, giving help with grammar and collocation - Hear and practise all the words.

The Compendium of American English Grammar

The Compendium of American English Grammar
Author: Barry Davis
Publisher: Wheatmark, Inc.
Total Pages: 467
Release: 2023-05-31
Genre: Foreign Language Study
ISBN: 1627878963

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The Compendium of American English Grammar: For Advanced ESL Speakers is an easy-to-use grammar reference book for nonnative English speakers who have progressed beyond the classroom. Topics include: • definite and indefinite articles • noun categories • twelve official verb tenses • two unofficial verb tenses • gerunds and infinitives • stative verbs • phrasal verbs • correct placement of adverbs • negation • question formation • individual function words • standard numbers and shortcuts • formal and informal language • mistakes that native speakers make • pronunciation and grammar • and much more Filled with examples and detailed explanations of the trickiest sentence patterns, The Compendium of American English Grammar is the ideal book for students, business executives, new and longtime US residents, and others who want to perfect their English skills.

Sentence Types and Punctuation

Sentence Types and Punctuation
Author: Ann Riggs
Publisher: Franklin Watts
Total Pages: 48
Release: 2012-09
Genre: English language
ISBN: 9781445110783

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Everyone knows that books on grammar are among the most boring on the planet, right? Read Understanding Grammar and find out how wrong you can be! Written in an easy-to-understand style and packed with plenty of imaginative and exciting examples, these six books clarify rules, offer practical help to the struggling young wordsmith and generally lead an enjoyable way through the tangled thicket that is - or is that which is? - English grammar.

Discourse and Grammar

Discourse and Grammar
Author: Günther Grewendorf
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
Total Pages: 348
Release: 2012-12-19
Genre: Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN: 1614511608

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Bringing together papers from various subfields of theoretical linguistics, this volume gives a representative glimpse of current research on form and function in grammar. Its overarching topic is as old as it is hot: the relation between the major clause types as determined in syntax, and their canonical or idiosyncratic roles in discourse as characterized in pragmatic terms. Though none of the papers addresses this topic in its full breadth, they can all be seen to make their specific contributions to it, scrutinizing the pertinent aspects of the grammatical interfaces and elaborating detailed case studies. The first part of this collection comprises three papers (by Asher, Portner, and van Rooy & Franke) devoted to the semantics/pragmatics interface. The second part, with contributions by Rizzi, Saito, and Belletti, deals with the question of how the constitution of sentence types can be related to properties of functional categories in the clausal periphery.The last four papers (Bošković, van Riemsdijk, Bauke & Roeper, Williams) concern the interaction of lexical elements and clausal functional categories, revealing unexpected parallels between clause structure and the internal structure, particularly in lexical categories.

The Middle School Grammar Toolkit

The Middle School Grammar Toolkit
Author: Sean Ruday
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 193
Release: 2020-05-17
Genre: Education
ISBN: 1000073084

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Teaching grammar can be overwhelming and is often an overlooked part of effective instruction. The Middle School Grammar Toolkit to the rescue! Now in its second edition, this comprehensive guide makes grammar instruction fun and meaningful. You will learn how to: Teach grammar in a practical and applicable way by presenting each grammar rule as a useful writing tool for students. Use mentor texts—excerpts from great literature—to help students understand grammar in action. Promote metacognition along the way, so that students become responsible for their own learning. Implement innovative instructional strategies and tools aligned with Common Core and other state standards. Throughout the book, you’ll find step-by-step recommendations for teaching grammatical concepts, such as understanding intensive pronouns, choosing language that expresses ideas precisely, forming verbs in different moods, and maintaining consistency in style and tone, and much, much more. Organized to help students meet the Common Core State Standards and other state language standards for Grades 6–8, the book includes tips addressing teaching for each of these grades, classroom snapshots that show you the tools in action, and specific instructional recommendations to engage students. New! The second edition features revised classroom snapshots and exemplars to showcase successful practices, and new flowcharts to visually represent instructional recommendations. The expanded, free annotated bibliography is updated to include contemporary, high-quality young adult literature and gives examples of key grammatical concepts found in each work. These resources are available as Supplemental Downloads on our website.

Point of View and Grammar

Point of View and Grammar
Author: Joanne Scheibman
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
Total Pages: 212
Release: 2002-01-01
Genre: Family & Relationships
ISBN: 9789027226211

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This book proposes that subjective expression shapes grammatical and lexical patterning in American English conversation. Analyses of structural and functional properties of English conversational utterances indicate that the most frequent combinations of subject, tense, and verb type are those that are used by speakers to personalize their contributions, not to present unmediated descriptions of the world. These findings are informed by current research and practices in linguistics which argue that the emergence, or conventionalization, of linguistic structure is related to the frequency with which speakers use expressions in discourse. The use of conversational data in grammatical analysis illustrates the local and contingent nature of grammar in use and also raises theoretical questions concerning the coherence of linguistic categories, the viability of maintaining a distinction between semantic and pragmatic meaning in analytical practice, and the structural and social interplay of speaker point of view and participant interaction in discourse.