Transport Phenomena in Fuel Cells

Transport Phenomena in Fuel Cells
Author: Bengt Sundén
Publisher: WIT Press
Total Pages: 385
Release: 2005
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1853128406

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Fuel cells are expected to play a significant role in the next generation of energy systems and road vehicles for transportation. However, substantial progress is required in reducing manufacturing costs and improving performance. This book aims to contribute to the understanding of the transport processes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC), which are of current interest. A wide range of topics is covered, featuring contributions from prominent scientists and engineers in the field. A detailed summary of state-of-the-art knowledge and future needs, this text will be of value to graduate students and researchers working on the development of fuel cells within academia and industry.

Transport Phenomena in Cathode Catalyst Layer of PEM Fuel Cells

Transport Phenomena in Cathode Catalyst Layer of PEM Fuel Cells
Author: Prodip K. Das
Publisher:
Total Pages: 224
Release: 2010
Genre:
ISBN:

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Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells have increasingly become promising green energy sources for automobile and stationary cogeneration applications but its success in commercialization depends on performance optimization and manufacturing cost. The activation losses, expensive platinum catalyst, and water flooding phenomenon are the key factors currently hindering commercialization of PEM fuel cells. These factors are associated with the cathode catalyst layer (CCL), which is about ten micrometers thick. Given the small scale of this layer, it is extremely difficult to study transport phenomena inside the catalyst layer experimentally, either intrusively or non-intrusively. Therefore, mathematical and numerical models become the only means to provide insight on the physical phenomena occurring inside the CCL and to optimize the CCL designs before building a prototype for engineering application. In this thesis research, a comprehensive two-phase mathematical model for the CCL has been derived from the fundamental conservation equations using a volume-averaging method. The model also considers several water transport and physical processes that are involved in the CCL. The processes are: (a) electro-osmotic transport from the membrane to the CCL, (b) back-diffusion of water from the CCL to the membrane, (c) condensation and evaporation of water, and (d) removal of liquid water to the gas flow channel through the gas diffusion layer (GDL). A simple analytical model for the activation overpotential in the CCL has also been developed and an optimization study has been carried out using the analytical activation overpotential formulation. Further, the mathematical model has been simplified for the CCL and an analytical approach has been provided for the liquid water transport in the catalyst layer.

Transport Phenomena in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)

Transport Phenomena in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)
Author: Rohit Pillai
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2012
Genre:
ISBN: 9781267402301

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In this work, a three dimensional, multiphase, multicomponent Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) model has been developed and is used to investigate the effects of water flooding. Flooding is the presence of liquid water in the cathode gas diffusion layer (GDL) and cathode catalyst layer (CL) which limits the flow of reactants to the cathode CL, thereby inhibiting the overall reaction rate and reducing the current that can be obtained from the cell. Though numerical modeling of flooding has been studied in the past, the models have either employed a simplified geometry or neglected the formation of water in the mathematical formulation. There is a need for an accurate model that can combine accuracy with full geometry to gain insight into the water management practices to be used to mitigate the effects of flooding. For this purpose a two fluid formulation with accurate empirical correlations has been employed in this work with a focus on effective diffusivity of the reactants. The model is solved using a finite volume approach using the commercial CFD software FLUENT. It is found that the model is able to predict the effect of flooding on overall performance better than existing single phase and pseudo two phase models. Water management in a PEMFC consists of both maintaining adequate membrane hydration and effecting excess water removal from the cathode. The former is dealt with a variety of humidification methods, whereas the latter is addressed by either flow field design or modification of GDL and CL properties. This model focuses on the latter and investigates the effect of properties of the GDL and CL such as porosity, permeability and wettability on overall performance. The results obtained by the model compare well with existing numerical and experimental studies.

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Degradation

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Degradation
Author: Matthew M. Mench
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 474
Release: 2012
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 0123869366

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For full market implementation of PEM fuel cells to become a reality, two main limiting technical issues must be overcome- cost and durability. This cutting-edge volume directly addresses the state-of-the-art advances in durability within every fuel cell stack component. [...] chapters on durability in the individual fuel cell components -- membranes, electrodes, diffusion media, and bipolar plates -- highlight specific degradation modes and mitigation strategies. The book also includes chapters which synthesize the component-related failure modes to examine experimental diagnostics, computational modeling, and laboratory protocol"--Back cover.

PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers

PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers
Author: Jiujun Zhang
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 1147
Release: 2008-08-26
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1848009364

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Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are promising clean energy converting devices with high efficiency and low to zero emissions. Such power sources can be used in transportation, stationary, portable and micro power applications. The key components of these fuel cells are catalysts and catalyst layers. “PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers” provides a comprehensive, in-depth survey of the field, presented by internationally renowned fuel cell scientists. The opening chapters introduce the fundamentals of electrochemical theory and fuel cell catalysis. Later chapters investigate the synthesis, characterization, and activity validation of PEM fuel cell catalysts. Further chapters describe in detail the integration of the electrocatalyst/catalyst layers into the fuel cell, and their performance validation. Researchers and engineers in the fuel cell industry will find this book a valuable resource, as will students of electrochemical engineering and catalyst synthesis.

Principles of Fuel Cells

Principles of Fuel Cells
Author: Xianguo Li
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 465
Release: 2005-12-22
Genre: Science
ISBN: 113520179X

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The book is engineering oriented and covers a large variety of topics ranging from fundamental principles to performance evaluation and applications. It is written systematically and completely on the subject with a summary of state-of-the-art fuel cell technology, filling the need for a timely resource. This is a unique book serving academic researchers, engineers, as well as people working in the fuel cell industry. It is also of substantial interest to students, engineers, and scientists in mechanical engineering, chemistry and chemical engineering, electrochemistry, materials science and engineering, power generation and propulsion systems, and automobile engineering.

Development of a Micro-scale Cathode Catalyst Layer Model of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell

Development of a Micro-scale Cathode Catalyst Layer Model of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
Author: Mobin Khakbazbaboli
Publisher:
Total Pages: 358
Release: 2013
Genre:
ISBN:

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In this work, a micro-model of the catalyst layer of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) was developed. The micro-model includes the transport phenomena and the reaction kinetics within a three dimensional micro-structure representing a sample of PEMFC catalyst layer. Proper physical boundary conditions have been described on the surfaces of the sample as well as on the interfaces between the regions through which all constituents are solved in a coupled manner. A four-phase micro-structure of CL was reconstructed, the platinum particles were resolved in the computational grid generation and the governing equations were solved within platinum region. A body-fitted computational mesh was generated for the reconstructed micro-structure of CL. The number of computational cells were optimized based on how close to an analytical sphere the magnitude of the surface area of a sphere can be captured after generating the computational cells. The interfaces with important physical phenomena were more refined than the rest of the interfaces, specially the electrochemically active reaction surface. The computational mesh was checked for a grid independent numerical solution. The Knudsen effects was included by calculating the characteristic length in the pore region. Four different cases of including Knudsen effects were studied. Also, a comparison was made between solution with and without Knudsen effects. A physical model of oxygen dissolution was developed, the oxygen dissolution at the interface between pore and ionomer was treated as an superficial phenomenon. The performance curves were produced and provided for the reconstructed micro-structure along with the distribution of field variables. A length study of the reconstructed micro-structure was conducted such that the results from the micro-modeling can capture the trend in variable distributions observed in the macro-modeling of CL or experiments. A platinum loading study was preformed and the anomalous phenomena of dramatic increase in oxygen transport resistance observed in some experimental works was explained by isolating the ionomer region of the CL micro-structure and numerically calculating the shape factor for diffusive transport. It was found that the increase in oxygen transport resistance is due to the increase in diffusion pathway and decrease in the transport surface area.

Rotating Electrode Methods and Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts

Rotating Electrode Methods and Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts
Author: Wei Xing
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 323
Release: 2014-03-26
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 0444633286

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Rotating Electrode Methods and Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts provides the latest information and methodologies of rotating disk electrode and rotating ring-disk electrode (RDE/RRDE) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). It is an ideal reference for undergraduate and graduate students, scientists, and engineers who work in the areas of energy, electrochemistry science and technology, fuel cells, and other electrochemical systems. Presents a comprehensive description, from fundamentals to applications, of catalyzed oxygen reduction reaction and its mechanisms Portrays a complete description of the RDE (Rotating Disc Electrode)/RRDE (Rotating Ring-Disc Electrode) techniques and their use in evaluating ORR (Oxygen Reduction Reaction) catalysts Provides working examples along with figures, tables, photos and a comprehensive list of references to help understanding of the principles involved

PEM Fuel Cells

PEM Fuel Cells
Author: Yun Wang
Publisher: Momentum Press
Total Pages: 450
Release: 2013-04-06
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1606502476

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Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells convert chemical energy in hydrogen into electrical energy with water as the only by-product. Thus, PEM fuel cells hold great promise to reduce both pollutant emissions and dependency on fossil fuels, especially for transportation—passenger cars, utility vehicles, and buses—and small-scale stationary and portable power generators. But one of the greatest challenges to realizing the high efficiency and zero emissions potential of PEM fuel cells technology is heat and water management. This book provides an introduction to the essential concepts for effective thermal and water management in PEM fuel cells and an assessment on the current status of fundamental research in this field. The book offers you: • An overview of current energy and environmental challenges and their imperatives for the development of renewable energy resources, including discussion of the role of PEM fuel cells in addressing these issues; • Reviews of basic principles pertaining to PEM fuel cells, including thermodynamics, electrochemical reaction kinetics, flow, heat and mass transfer; and • Descriptions and discussions of water transport and management within a PEM fuel cell, including vapor- and liquid-phase water removal from the electrodes, the effects of two-phase flow, and solid water or ice dynamics and removal, particularly the specialized case of starting a PEM fuel cell at sub-freezing temperatures (cold start) and the various processes related to ice formation.

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Author: Michael Eikerling
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 567
Release: 2014-09-23
Genre: Science
ISBN: 1439854068

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The book provides a systematic and profound account of scientific challenges in fuel cell research. The introductory chapters bring readers up to date on the urgency and implications of the global energy challenge, the prospects of electrochemical energy conversion technologies, and the thermodynamic and electrochemical principles underlying the op