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| Author | : Andrea Volterra |
| Publisher | : Oxford University Press, USA |
| Total Pages | : 272 |
| Release | : 2002 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 9780198508540 |
Accompanying CD-ROM contains ... "additional images, movies, and animated sequences." -- p. [4] of cover.
| Author | : Michael R. Kreutz |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 611 |
| Release | : 2012-02-18 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 3709109310 |
This book introduces the current concepts of molecular mechanisms in synaptic plasticity and provides a comprehensive overview of cutting-edge research technology used to investigate the molecular dynamics of the synapses. It explores current concepts on activity-dependent remodeling of the synaptic cytoskeleton and presents the latest ideas on the different forms of plasticity in synapses and dendrites. Synaptic Plasticity in Health and Disease not only supplies readers with extensive knowledge on the latest developments in research, but also with important information on clinical and applied aspects. Changes in spine synapses in different brain disease states, so-called synaptopathies, are explained and described by experts in the field. By outlining basic research findings as well as physiological and pathophysiological impacts on synaptic plasticity, the book represents an essential state-of-the-art work for scientists in the fields of biochemistry, molecular biology and the neurosciences, as well as for doctors in neurology and psychiatry alike.
| Author | : Jacqueline A. Hubbard |
| Publisher | : Academic Press |
| Total Pages | : 395 |
| Release | : 2016-07-05 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0128026243 |
Epilepsy is a devastating group of neurological disorders characterized by periodic and unpredictable seizure activity in the brain. There is a critical need for new drugs and approaches given than at least one-third of all epilepsy patients are not made free of seizures by existing medications and become "medically refractory". Much of epilepsy research has focused on neuronal therapeutic targets, but current antiepileptic drugs often cause severe cognitive, developmental, and behavioral side effects. Recent findings indicate a critical contribution of astrocytes, star-shaped glial cells in the brain, to neuronal and network excitability and seizure activity. Furthermore, many important cellular and molecular changes occur in astrocytes in epileptic tissue in both humans and animal models of epilepsy. The goal of Astrocytes and Epilepsy is to comprehensively review exciting findings linking changes in astrocytes to functional changes responsible for epilepsy for the first time in book format. These insights into astrocyte contribution to seizure susceptibility indicate that astrocytes may represent an important new therapeutic target in the control of epilepsy. Astrocytes and Epilepsy includes background explanatory text on astrocyte morphology and physiology, epilepsy models and syndromes, and evidence from both human tissue studies and animal models linking functional changes in astrocytes to epilepsy. Beautifully labelled diagrams are presented and relevant figures from the literature are reproduced to elucidate key findings and concepts in this rapidly emerging field. Astrocytes and Epilepsy is written for neuroscientists, epilepsy researchers, astrocyte investigators as well as neurologists and other specialists caring for patients with epilepsy. Presents the first comprehensive book to synthesize historical and recent research on astrocytes and epilepsy into one coherent volume Provides a great resource on the field of astrocyte biology and astrocyte-neuron interactions Details potential therapeutic targets, including chapters on gap junctions, water and potassium channels, glutamate and adenosine metabolism, and inflammation
| Author | : Vladimir Parpura |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 701 |
| Release | : 2008-12-11 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0387794921 |
Astrocytes were the original neuroglia that Ramón y Cajal visualized in 1913 using a gold sublimate stain. This stain targeted intermediate filaments that we now know consist mainly of glial fibrillary acidic protein, a protein used today as an astrocytic marker. Cajal described the morphological diversity of these cells with some ast- cytes surrounding neurons, while the others are intimately associated with vasculature. We start the book by discussing the heterogeneity of astrocytes using contemporary tools and by calling into question the assumption by classical neuroscience that neurons and glia are derived from distinct pools of progenitor cells. Astrocytes have long been neglected as active participants in intercellular communication and information processing in the central nervous system, in part due to their lack of electrical excitability. The follow up chapters review the “nuts and bolts” of ast- cytic physiology; astrocytes possess a diverse assortment of ion channels, neu- transmitter receptors, and transport mechanisms that enable the astrocytes to respond to many of the same signals that act on neurons. Since astrocytes can detect chemical transmitters that are released from neurons and can release their own extracellular signals there is an increasing awareness that they play physiological roles in regulating neuronal activity and synaptic transmission. In addition to these physiological roles, it is becoming increasingly recognized that astrocytes play critical roles during pathophysiological states of the nervous system; these states include gliomas, Alexander disease, and epilepsy to mention a few.
| Author | : Alexei Verkhratsky |
| Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
| Total Pages | : 230 |
| Release | : 2007-08-20 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 9780470513071 |
"This volume is a very valuable and much needed contribution." –Quarterly Review of Biology AT LAST - A comprehensive, accessible textbook on glial neurobiology! Glial cells are the most numerous cells in the human brain but for many years have attracted little scientific attention. Neurophysiologists concentrated their research efforts instead, on neurones and neuronal networks because it was thought that they were the key elements responsible for higher brain function. Recent advances, however, indicate this isn’t exactly the case. Not only are astroglial cells the stem elements from which neurones are born, but they also control the development, functional activity and death of neuronal circuits. These ground-breaking developments have revolutionized our understanding of the human brain and the complex interrelationship of glial and neuronal networks in health and disease. Features of this book: an accessible introduction to glial neurobiology including an overview of glial cell function and its active role in neural processes, brain function and nervous system pathology an exploration of all the major types of glial cells including: the astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia of the ACNS and Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system; the book also presents a broad overview of glial receptors and ion channels an investigation into the role of glial cells in various types of brain diseases including stroke, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Alexander's disease, brain oedema, multiple sclerosis and many more a wealth of illustrations, including unique images from the authors' own libraries of images, describing the main features of glial cells Written by two leading experts in the field, Glial Neurobiology provides a concise, authoritative introduction to glial physiology and pathology for undergraduate/postgraduate neuroscience, biomedical, medical, pharmacy, pharmacology, and neurology, neurosurgery and physiology students. It is also an invaluable resource for researchers in neuroscience, physiology, pharmacology and pharmaceutics.
| Author | : Max R. Bennett |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 351 |
| Release | : 2003-09-02 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0203302540 |
The History of the Synapse provides a history of those discoveries concerning the identification and function of synapses that provide the foundations for research during this new century with a personal view of the process by which new concepts have developed. Previously published as essays, the chapters in this book provide a history of various aspects of synaptic function, beginning with the evolution over two and a half thousand years and how progress was made in the establishment of a conceptual structure that would allow the synapse to be identified at the beginning of the 20th century. Numerous illustrations explain either the technical approach or the experimental finding.
| Author | : Barbara Di Benedetto |
| Publisher | : Humana |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2019-01-08 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 9781493990672 |
This detailed volume gathers together a broad variety of methods essential to the investigation of the biology of astrocytes and their multifaceted roles in both healthy and diseased brains. Beginning with some overviews of the subject, the book continues by covering techniques for the isolation of astrocytes from animal models, the investigation of astrocyte morphology and function, as well as for understanding astrocyte pathologies in the central nervous system. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Astrocytes: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal guide for both experienced and beginner scientists working toward unraveling the novel, fascinating roles of these versatile cells.
| Author | : Christopher Salmon |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2019 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
"Synapses are the means by which information, in the form of electrochemical impulses, is transmitted from neuron to neuron in the nervous system. Numbering many tens of trillions in the human brain, these micrometre-sized cellular compartments are the basic unit of neural computation and thus give rise to all that the brain and mind accomplishes. In this dissertation I present investigations of two classic problems in our understanding of synapses: how synapses are established in the correct numbers during development, and how they are supported by astrocytes, the partner cells of neurons in the central nervous system. Firstly, I have identified a novel role of immature GABAA transmission in glutamatergic synapse formation during development of mouse hippocampal circuitry. The findings from this study indicate that blocking GABAA transmission during a brief window of development significantly enhances glutamatergic synapse formation through an activity-dependent mechanism. Importantly, this demonstrates a way in which different neurotransmitter systems cooperate to regulate neuronal connectivity during development. Secondly, I performed a three-dimensional ultrastructural analysis of the relationship between synapses and astrocytes in the mouse somatosensory cortex. This descriptive study focused on the distribution of mitochondria within astrocytes to examine potential relationships between synapses and local sites of astrocytic energy regulation and Ca2+ signalling. The results suggest that the location of astrocytic mitochondria, which provide energy and buffer Ca2+, is not dictated by the attributes of the surrounding synapses that are identifiable by electron microscopy, however, there does appear to be a non-random distribution of mitochondria relative to clusters of synapses. Finally, with the goal of enhancing our ability to probe synapse development and astrocyte-neuron interactions, I pioneered an approach for conditional gene expression in vivo that combines in utero electroporation with an inducible, transposable TetOn-based system. I showed that this approach offers reliable, specific, and controllable expression of genes of interest in neuronal populations across the lifespan of the mouse. Thus, the results presented in this dissertation point to a new mechanism directing hippocampal synapse development, unveil a new level of detail in our understanding of astrocytic interactions with synapses, and provide a new approach with which to probe these and many other problems in cellular neurobiology"--
| Author | : Wolfgang Baer |
| Publisher | : Routledge |
| Total Pages | : 342 |
| Release | : 2019-11-20 |
| Genre | : Philosophy |
| ISBN | : 1317212274 |
Conscious Action Theory provides a logical unification between the spirit and the material, by identifying reality as an event that processes personal experiences into explanatory memories, from which personal experiences are regenerated in a never-ending cycle of activity. Baer explores the idea that our personal feelings are undeniable facts that have been systematically excluded from the basic sciences, thereby leaving us with a schizophrenic division between objective materialism and spiritual idealism. Cognitive Action Theory (CAT) achieves this unification by recognizing that the observer’s existence is the foundational premise underlying all scientific inquiry. It develops as an event-oriented physical theory in which the first-person observer is central. By analyzing the methods through which we human observers gain knowledge and create the belief systems within which our experiences are explained, we discover a fundamental truth: all systems are observers and exhibit some form of internal awareness. Events, not the objects appearing in them, are the fundamental building blocks of reality. The book is comprised of three parts: the first addresses the paradigm shift from an object to an event-oriented world view, the second develops the foundations of action physics for an event-oriented world view and the third provides examples of how these new ideas can be applied to move our knowledge up the next evolutionary step of human development. This book will benefit anyone questioning their role in the universe, especially those in interdisciplinary fields of philosophy, psychology, neuroscience and medicine, who seek understanding of quantum theory as the physics of conscious systems that know the world.
| Author | : Jacques Fantini |
| Publisher | : Academic Press |
| Total Pages | : 398 |
| Release | : 2015-05-12 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0128004924 |
Lipids are the most abundant organic compounds found in the brain, accounting for up to 50% of its dry weight. The brain lipidome includes several thousands of distinct biochemical structures whose expression may greatly vary according to age, gender, brain region, cell type, as well as subcellular localization. In synaptic membranes, brain lipids specifically interact with neurotransmitter receptors and control their activity. Moreover, brain lipids play a key role in the generation and neurotoxicity of amyloidogenic proteins involved in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases. The aim of this book is to provide for the first time a comprehensive overview of brain lipid structures, and to explain the roles of these lipids in synaptic function, and in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Creutzfeldt-Jakob’s and Parkinson’s. To conclude the book, the authors present new ideas that can drive innovative therapeutic strategies based on the knowledge of the role of lipids in brain disorders. Written to provide a "hands-on" approach for readers Biochemical structures explained with molecular models, and molecular mechanisms explained with simple drawings Step-by-step guide to memorize and draw lipid structures Each chapter features a content summary, up-to-date references for additional study, and a key experiment with an explanation of the technique
