The Production Of Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide From Ferromanganese Furnace Sludge
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Total Pages | : |
Release | : 1985 |
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Worldwide, the demand for dry-cell batteries has a growth rate of 4 to 5 per cent per annum. South Africa, with its large deposits of manganese ore and relatively cheap electric power, would seem to be in a very favourable position to manufacture the manganese dioxide required for such batteries. However, naturally occurring manganese dioxide and chemically produced manganese dioxide are not suitable in the application of 'heavy drainage cells', which call for electrolytic manganese dioxide (E.M.D.). This paper describes an extensive investigation undertaken at the Council for Mineral Technology into the suitability of ferromanganese-furnace scrubber sludge as a raw material for the production of E.M.D. The characteristics of the sludge were determined with regard to its leachability, acid consumption, impurities, and filtration, the objects of the study being a demonstration that battery-grade E.M.D. can be produced from ferromanganese-furnace sludge, and the production of sufficient E.M.D. of acceptable grade for evaluation by battery manufacturers. All aspects of the process were optimized, first in a miniplant and then on a pilot plant producing about 15 kg of E.M.D. every 24 hours. The various problems that were encountered were overcome, titanium anodes being used instead of the usual lead or graphite anodes that are mostly used commercially. The final product conformed to international standards, and current efficiencies of 80 to 90 per cent were obtained.
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Total Pages | : 56 |
Release | : 1983 |
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The ferromanganese furnaces of the sponsor produce fines that are collected in scrubbers and are then impounded as a waste product (furnace sludge). The Council for Mineral Technology (Mintek) tested various leaching procedures to solubilize the manganese constituent (about 25 per cent) and to convert the manganese sulphate liquor to battery-grade electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) by electrolysis. Continuous runs were conducted on miniplant scale (with a 4-litre electrolytic cell) and on pilot-plant scale (with a 1500-litre electrolytic cell). Several types and shapes of electrode were tested, including carbon, graphite, and titanium rods, and titanium sheets. A number of Japanese and other international standard samples were analysed for comparison with the material produced at Mintek. A comparison was also made between the material produced from prereduced manganese ore and that produced from furnace fines. The recovery of manganese from the furnace fines was about 75 per cent. However, the leach liquors had to be purified for the removal of soluble organic matter. The operation of the electrolytic cell was optimized, and internationally acceptable grades of EMD were produced: Electrolyte 35 to 40 g of H2SO4 and 60 g of Mn per litre. Cell temperature 90 to 93 C. Current density 80 A/m2. Current efficiencies 85 to 90 per cent. Corrugated titanium sheets coated with ruthenium oxide to prevent passivation gave the best quality of EMD (with an available oxygen content, expressed as MnO2, of 92 per cent, which is better than the international specification of 90 per cent MnO2 as minimum). Batches of the material produced at Mintek were submitted to battery manufacturers in the UK, Japan, Germany, and the USA for evaluation.
Author | : Christiaan Frederick Beyers Coetzee |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 56 |
Release | : 1983 |
Genre | : Electrolysis |
ISBN | : 9780869996713 |
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Author | : |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 1590 |
Release | : 1990 |
Genre | : Metallurgy |
ISBN | : |
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Author | : United States International Trade Commission |
Publisher | : DIANE Publishing |
Total Pages | : 91 |
Release | : 2003 |
Genre | : Manganese dioxide electrodes |
ISBN | : 1457821028 |
Download Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide from Australia, China, Greece, Ireland, Japan, and South Africa Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
Author | : |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 712 |
Release | : 1985 |
Genre | : Power resources |
ISBN | : |
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Author | : William C. Aitkenhead |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 43 |
Release | : 1953 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : |
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Author | : |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 88 |
Release | : 1987 |
Genre | : Metallurgy |
ISBN | : |
Download Unrestricted Mintek Publications Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
Author | : William S. Rickman |
Publisher | : CRC Press |
Total Pages | : 863 |
Release | : 2017-11-22 |
Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
ISBN | : 1351362992 |
Download Handbook of Incineration of Hazardous Wastes (1991) Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
Hazardous waste incineration technologies have been developed to meet the needs of a rapidly growing market that has been created by the proliferation of hazardous waste in modern society. These hazardous wastes are continuously produced as by-products of many industries. Vast stockpiles of hazardous or toxic wastes are currently residing in insecure landfills, thus imperiling our drinking water supplies. This handbook is written with the user in mind. An in-depth review of regulatory and technical requirements is presented with later sections regarding permitting and operation of incineration facilities. A comprehensive description of established and emerging incinerator technologies is included along with a number of alternatives. One of the key sections involves a detailed procedure for choosing an incinerator for a specific job, including engineering calculations and going through the bid process. Rationale for whether to buy or lease incineration equipment is included as well as details on trial burns, permitting strategies, and startup and operation of incinerators. A number of typical case histories of incinerators are presented for such diverse applications as cleaning up individual sites with transportable units, stationary facilities for in-house wastes, and incinerator ships. Appendices provide a convenient reference to physical properties, combustion parameters, detailed equipment performance nomographs and several sample permits including RCRA, TSCA and local permit applications. In summary, this handbook provides a single reference point for the potential user of an incinerator as well as a valuable source of design data for incinerator vendors, consultants and regulators.
Author | : Frederick Sillers |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 30 |
Release | : 1949 |
Genre | : Aluminum ores |
ISBN | : |
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