The Ku Klux Klan and Freemasonry in 1920s America

The Ku Klux Klan and Freemasonry in 1920s America
Author: Miguel Hernandez
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 212
Release: 2019-02-06
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 0429883625

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The Second Ku Klux Klan’s success in the 1920s remains one of the order’s most enduring mysteries. Emerging first as a brotherhood dedicated to paying tribute to the original Southern organization of the Reconstruction period, the Second Invisible Empire developed into a mass movement with millions of members that influenced politics and culture throughout the early 1920s. This study explores the nature of fraternities, especially the overlap between the Klan and Freemasonry. Drawing on many previously untouched archival resources, it presents a detailed and nuanced analysis of the development and later decline of the Klan and the complex nature of its relationship with the traditions of American fraternalism.

Fighting Fraternities

Fighting Fraternities
Author: Miguel Hernández
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2014
Genre:
ISBN:

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Fighting Fraternities

Fighting Fraternities
Author: Miguel Hernandez (fl. 2014)
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2014
Genre:
ISBN:

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The Klan and the Craft

The Klan and the Craft
Author: Shaun David Henry
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2017
Genre: Fraternal organizations
ISBN:

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This analysis examines and builds upon the work of Miguel Hernandez, professor of History and a Fraternal Studies scholar at the University of Exeter in England, by building a comprehensive dual membership list of Dallas Masons who were members of Klavern No. 66 between 1921 and 1926. In 2014, he published Fighting Fraternities: The Ku Klux Klan and Freemasonry in the 1920’s in which he studied dual membership within two Klaverns in the United States, Anaheim, California and Dallas, Texas. Dr. Hernandez, Adam Kendall, former Collections Manager for the Henry W. Coil Library & Museum of Freemasonry at the Grand Lodge of California, and Kristofer Allerfeldt, also from the University of Exeter, are the pioneers of this topic and have laid the foundation for further research to be conducted in this field. This examination will look at Freemasonry and the Klan in Dallas. It will explore the Grand Lodge of Texas’ response to the infiltration of the Klan into Masonic Lodges in Texas and in Dallas and how the Dallas Masonic lodges responded to the Grand Master. A dual membership list was created using the Grand Lodge of Texas Proceedings of 1920 to 1926 and cross referenced with Klan documents to determine a wide range of statistical information to help understand the type of men joining both organizations. The ability to determine dual membership was examined by analyzing three documents identifying Klansmen; The Dallas Dispatch list in May of 1922, the Special Examination audit of the Kolossal Karnival in Dallas, June of 1924 both located at the Dallas Historical Society, and the Klan Police list from the papers of Earle B. Cabell at the Degolyer Library at Southern Methodist University. Matching the names on these lists with Masonic rosters from lodges in the Dallas area then cross referencing them with the Dallas City Directories from the Dallas Public Library has allowed for the identification of either dual members or supporters of the Klan within the Masonic lodges. Using the comprehensive list, and analyzing the minutes of Dallas lodges allows for a glimpse into what these men were doing in the lodges and how Masonic lodges and its members responded to their attendance. Examining these documents provides a background for a much more detailed examination of dual membership between the two dominant fraternities in Dallas during the 1920’s, and opens up a microcosm of historical analysis never seen concerning the Ku Klux Klan and the Freemasons.

One Hundred Percent American

One Hundred Percent American
Author: Thomas R. Pegram
Publisher: Ivan R. Dee
Total Pages: 299
Release: 2011-10-16
Genre: History
ISBN: 1566639220

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In the 1920s, a revived Ku Klux Klan burst into prominence as a self-styled defender of American values, a magnet for white Protestant community formation, and a would-be force in state and national politics. But the hooded bubble burst at mid-decade, and the social movement that had attracted several million members and additional millions of sympathizers collapsed into insignificance. Since the 1990s, intensive community-based historical studies have reinterpreted the 1920s Klan. Rather than the violent, racist extremists of popular lore and current observation, 1920s Klansmen appear in these works as more mainstream figures. Sharing a restrictive American identity with most native-born white Protestants after World War I, hooded knights pursued fraternal fellowship, community activism, local reforms, and paid close attention to public education, law enforcement (especially Prohibition), and moral/sexual orthodoxy. No recent general history of the 1920s Klan movement reflects these new perspectives on the Klan. One Hundred Percent American incorporates them while also highlighting the racial and religious intolerance, violent outbursts, and political ambition that aroused widespread opposition to the Invisible Empire. Balanced and comprehensive, One Hundred Percent American explains the Klan's appeal, its limitations, and the reasons for its rapid decline in a society confronting the reality of cultural and religious pluralism.

Challenging Processions

Challenging Processions
Author: David Hudson Roberts
Publisher:
Total Pages: 94
Release: 2000
Genre:
ISBN:

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The Brotherhood of Freemason Sisters

The Brotherhood of Freemason Sisters
Author: Lilith Mahmud
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Total Pages: 262
Release: 2014-03-28
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 022609605X

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This “stupendous ethnography of female Freemasonry in Italy” reveals the fascinating paradox of elitism and exclusion experienced by “female brothers” (Michael Herzfeld, author of Evicted from Eternity). From its cryptic images on the dollar bill to Dan Brown’s The Lost Symbol, the Freemasons have long been one of the most romanticized secret societies in the world. But a simple fact escapes most depictions of this elite brotherhood: there are also female members. In this groundbreaking ethnography, Lilith Mahmud takes readers inside Masonic lodges of contemporary Italy, where she observes the ritualistic and fraternal bonds forged among Freemason women. Offering a tantalizing look behind lodge doors, The Brotherhood of Freemason Sisters unveils a complex culture of discretion in which Freemasons reveal some truths and hide others. Female initiates—one of Freemasonry’s best-kept secrets—are often upper class and highly educated, yet avowedly antifeminist. Their self-cultivation through the Masonic path is an effort to embrace the deeply gendered ideals of fraternity. In this lively investigation, Mahmud unravels the contradictions at the heart of Freemasonry: an organization responsible for many of the egalitarian concepts of the Enlightenment and yet one that has always been, and in Italy still remains, extremely exclusive. The result is not only a thrilling look at a surprisingly influential world, but a reevaluation of the modern values we now take for granted

The Second Coming of the KKK: The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s and the American Political Tradition

The Second Coming of the KKK: The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s and the American Political Tradition
Author: Linda Gordon
Publisher: Liveright Publishing
Total Pages: 256
Release: 2017-10-24
Genre: History
ISBN: 1631493701

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An urgent examination into the revived Klan of the 1920s becomes “required reading” for our time (New York Times Book Review). Extraordinary national acclaim accompanied the publication of award-winning historian Linda Gordon’s disturbing and markedly timely history of the reassembled Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s. Dramatically challenging our preconceptions of the hooded Klansmen responsible for establishing a Jim Crow racial hierarchy in the 1870s South, this “second Klan” spread in states principally above the Mason-Dixon line by courting xenophobic fears surrounding the flood of immigrant “hordes” landing on American shores. “Part cautionary tale, part expose” (Washington Post), The Second Coming of the KKK “illuminates the surprising scope of the movement” (The New Yorker); the Klan attracted four-to-six-million members through secret rituals, manufactured news stories, and mass “Klonvocations” prior to its collapse in 1926—but not before its potent ideology of intolerance became part and parcel of the American tradition. A “must-read” (Salon) for anyone looking to understand the current moment, The Second Coming of the KKK offers “chilling comparisons to the present day” (New York Review of Books).

The Ku Klux Klan in Canada

The Ku Klux Klan in Canada
Author: Allan Bartley
Publisher: James Lorimer & Company
Total Pages: 420
Release: 2020-10-13
Genre: History
ISBN: 1459506146

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The Ku Klux Klan came to Canada thanks to some energetic American promoters who saw it as a vehicle for getting rich by selling memberships to white, mostly Protestant Canadians. In Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, the Klan found fertile ground for its message of racism and discrimination targeting African Canadians, Jews and Catholics. While its organizers fought with each other to capture the funds received from enthusiastic members, the Klan was a venue for expressions of race hatred and a cover for targeted acts of harassment and violence against minorities. Historian Allan Bartley traces the role of the Klan in Canadian political life in the turbulent years of the 1920s and 1930s, after which its membership waned. But in the 1970s, as he relates, small extremist right- wing groups emerged in urban Canada, and sought to revive the Klan as a readily identifiable identity for hatred and racism. The Ku Klux Klan in Canada tells the little-known story of how Canadians adopted the image and ideology of the Klan to express the racism that has played so large a role in Canadian society for the past hundred years — right up to the present.

The Ku Klux Klan in the Heartland

The Ku Klux Klan in the Heartland
Author: James H. Madison
Publisher: Indiana University Press
Total Pages: 222
Release: 2020-10-06
Genre: History
ISBN: 0253052203

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"Who is an American?" asked the Ku Klux Klan. It is a question that echoes as loudly today as it did in the early twentieth century. But who really joined the Klan? Were they "hillbillies, the Great Unteachables" as one journalist put it? It would be comforting to think so, but how then did they become one of the most powerful political forces in our nation's history? In The Ku Klux Klan in the Heartland, renowned historian James H. Madison details the creation and reign of the infamous organization. Through the prism of their operations in Indiana and the Midwest, Madison explores the Klan's roots in respectable white protestant society. Convinced that America was heading in the wrong direction because of undesirable "un-American" elements, Klan members did not see themselves as bigoted racist extremists but as good Christian patriots joining proudly together in a righteous moral crusade. The Ku Klux Klan in the Heartland offers a detailed history of this powerful organization and examines how, through its use of intimidation, religious belief, and the ballot box, the ideals of Klan in the 1920s have on-going implications for America today.