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| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 123 |
| Release | : 2015 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Andrea Barberis |
| Publisher | : Frontiers Media SA |
| Total Pages | : 177 |
| Release | : 2016-01-22 |
| Genre | : Learning |
| ISBN | : 2889197328 |
Learning and memory are believed to depend on plastic changes of neuronal circuits due to activity-dependent potentiation or depression of specific synapses. During the last two decades, plasticity of brain circuits was hypothesized to mainly rely on the flexibility of glutamatergic excitatory synapses, whereas inhibitory synapses were assumed relatively invariant, to ensure stable and reliable control of the neuronal network. As a consequence, while considerable efforts were made to clarify the main mechanisms underlying plasticity at excitatory synapses, the study of the cellular/molecular mechanisms of inhibitory plasticity has received much less attention. Nevertheless, an increasing body of evidence has revealed that inhibitory synapses undergo several types of plasticity at both pre- and postsynaptic levels. Given the crucial role of inhibitory interneurons in shaping network activities, such as generation of oscillations, selection of cell assemblies and signal integration, modifications of the inhibitory synaptic strength represents an extraordinary source of versatility for the fine control of brain states. This versatility also results from the rich diversity of GABAergic neurons in several brain areas, the specific role played by each inhibitory neuron subtype within a given circuit, and the heterogeneity of the properties and modulation of GABAergic synapses formed by specific interneuron classes. The molecular mechanisms underlying the potentiation or depression of inhibitory synapses are now beginning to be unraveled. At the presynaptic level, retrograde synaptic signaling was demonstrated to modulate GABA release, whereas postsynaptic forms of plasticity involve changes in the number/gating properties of GABAA receptors and/or shifts of chloride gradients. In addition, recent research indicates that GABAergic tonic inhibition can also be plastic, adding a further level of complexity to the control of the excitatory/inhibitory balance in the brain. The present Topic will focus on plasticity of GABAergic synapses, with special emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of plasticity induction and/or expression.
| Author | : Arjen van Ooyen |
| Publisher | : Academic Press |
| Total Pages | : 586 |
| Release | : 2017-06-23 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0128038721 |
The adult brain is not as hard-wired as traditionally thought. By modifying their small- or large-scale morphology, neurons can make new synaptic connections or break existing ones (structural plasticity). Structural changes accompany memory formation and learning, and are induced by neurogenesis, neurodegeneration and brain injury such as stroke. Exploring the role of structural plasticity in the brain can be greatly assisted by mathematical and computational models, as they enable us to bridge the gap between system-level dynamics and lower level cellular and molecular processes. However, most traditional neural network models have fixed neuronal morphologies and a static connectivity pattern, with plasticity merely arising from changes in the strength of existing synapses (synaptic plasticity). In The Rewiring Brain, the editors bring together for the first time contemporary modeling studies that investigate the implications of structural plasticity for brain function and pathology. Starting with an experimental background on structural plasticity in the adult brain, the book covers computational studies on homeostatic structural plasticity, the impact of structural plasticity on cognition and cortical connectivity, the interaction between synaptic and structural plasticity, neurogenesis-related structural plasticity, and structural plasticity in neurological disorders. Structural plasticity adds a whole new dimension to brain plasticity, and The Rewiring Brain shows how computational approaches may help to gain a better understanding of the full adaptive potential of the adult brain. The book is written for both computational and experimental neuroscientists. Reviews the current state of knowledge of structural plasticity in the adult brain Gives a comprehensive overview of computational studies on structural plasticity Provides insights into the potential driving forces of structural plasticity and the functional implications of structural plasticity for learning and memory Serves as inspiration for developing novel treatment strategies for stimulating functional repair after brain damage
| Author | : M. Foster Olive |
| Publisher | : Frontiers Media SA |
| Total Pages | : 92 |
| Release | : 2015-07-21 |
| Genre | : Brain |
| ISBN | : 2889195988 |
Drugs of abuse induce a host of alterations in brain structure and function, ranging from changes in gene expression and epigenetic processes to aberrant synaptic plasticity to volumetric changes in discrete brain regions. These alterations can be drug class-specific, and are not confined to neurons, as drugs of abuse also induce molecular and cellular alterations in various glial cell types such as astrocytes and microglia. The phenomenon of drug-induced plasticity includes changes in dendritic branching and architecture, dendritic spine density and morphology, astrocyte-neuronal interactions, dysregulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling, and alterations in myelination or microglial phenotype. This drug-induced "rewiring" of the brain at numerous levels can contribute to the development, maintenance, and persistence of the addicted state, as well as associated deficits in normal cognitive functioning. The aim of this Research Topic is to collect recent and important findings related to the structural alterations produced by drug of abuse in neurons, glial, and other cell types of the central nervous system.
| Author | : Juan J. Canales |
| Publisher | : Academic Press |
| Total Pages | : 300 |
| Release | : 2016-03-23 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0128019921 |
Neurogenesis in the adult brain has emerged as one of the most dynamic and rapidly moving fields in modern neuroscience research. The implications of adult neurogenesis for health and well-being are wide-ranging, with findings in this area having distinct relevance for treatment and rehabilitation in neurology and psychopathology. Adult Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus addresses these implications by providing an up-to-date account on how neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus contributes to critical psychological and physiological processes, such as learning and memory, and how it is modified by life experiences, such as aging, environmental enrichment, exercise, and dieting. The book also provides the most current reviews of how adult hippocampal neurogenesis influences the pathogenesis of mood disorders, addiction, and key neurological disorders. This book is the ideal resource for researchers and advanced graduates seeking focused knowledge on the role of adult neurogenesis in brain health and disease. Provides a unique overview of how adult hippocampal neurogenesis contributes to adaptive processes, brain psychopathology, and disease Includes state-of-the-art reviews by leading world experts in adult neurogenesis
| Author | : Karen Bakhshetyan |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 202 |
| Release | : 2017 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
The knowledge about molecular and cellular pathways orchestrating neuronal development in the adult brain can be used to build up efficient strategies for cell replacement therapies. Adult neurogenesis is a very dynamic process, and it is crucial to monitor it directly to decipher mechanisms required for neuronal development. Furthermore, it is important to develop label-free imaging methods. My work is, in part, aimed at addressing these challenges. Adult-born neurons migrate densely along blood vessels and glial tubes in the rostral migratory stream (RMS). This alignment may create anisotropy which can be detected in polarized light. I first tried this technique for label-free detection of migratory cells in the RMS. While this imaging may have some promises, it showed that anisotropy in migrating cells is quite low and its detection is hampered by large signals deriving from nearby myelinated axons. I further studied the migration of virally labeled neuroblasts to elucidate some of the mechanisms required for their migration. GABAergic signaling plays an important role in neuronal migration and is defined by transmembrane Cl- gradient. This, in turn is controlled by the Cl- extruding co-transporter KCC2, known to have a late developmental expression. The role of KCC2 in neuronal migration is unknown and my experiments suggest that this co-transporter is involved in the radial, but not tangential migration of neuroblasts. Finally, I explored in vivo the odor-related structural plasticity of adult-born neurons in the olfactory bulb (OB). It remains unknown how OB functioning is adjusted to rapidly changing odor environment when new synapses of adult-born neurons have not yet been formed. My in vivo two-photon imaging data complements the previous work in our lab, revealing altogether a new form of structural plasticity in the adult OB. Thus, using diverse imaging methods I tried to better understand the migration and plasticity of new neurons in the adult brain.
| Author | : Daniel Laskowitz |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 388 |
| Release | : 2016-04-21 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 1498766579 |
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of death and permanent disability, contributing to nearly one-third of all injury related deaths in the United States and exacting a profound personal and economic toll. Despite the increased resources that have recently been brought to bear to improve our understanding of TBI, the developme
| Author | : Côme Camus |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2021 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
The brain is a complex network of interconnected neurons responsible for all our cognitive functions and behaviors. Neurons receive inputs at specialized contact zones named synapses which convert an all or none electrical signal to a chemical one, through the release of neurotransmitters. This chemical signal is then turned back in a tunable electrical signal by receptors to neurotransmitters. However, a single neuron receives thousands of inputs coming from several neurons in a spatial- and temporal-dependent manner. The precise mechanism by which neurons receive, integrate and transmit these synaptic inputs is highly complex and is still not perfectly understood.At excitatory synapses, AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are responsible for the fast synaptic transmission. With the recent developments in super-resolution microscopy, the community has changed its vision of synaptic transmission. One breakthrough was the discovery that AMPARs are not randomly distributed at synapses but are organized in nanodomains of ~80 nm of diameter containing ~20 receptors. This content is an important factor since it will determine the intensity of the synaptic response. Due to their mM affinity for glutamate, AMPARs can only be activated when located in an area of ~150 nm in front of the neurotransmitter release site. Moreover, AMPAR nanodomains have been shown to be located in front of glutamate release sites and to form trans-synaptic nanocolumns at basal state. Thus, the nanoscale organization of AMPARs regarding release sites seems to be a key parameter for the efficiency of synaptic transmission.The overall aim of my PhD has been to determine the influence of this nanoscale organization on the intimate properties of synaptic transmission both at basal state and during plasticity.First, we studied how AMPARs are co-organized with other types of glutamate receptors: NMDARs and mGluRs. We showed as well that this fine organization impacts the profile of activation of receptors and therefore regulate synaptic physiology. This work completed our new vision of the role of nano-organization in the synaptic transmission at the basal state. Then, I studied how this nano-organization enables neurons to adapt their communication. Indeed, synapses can modulate their strength through long-term synaptic plasticity, in particular, Long-Term Depression (LTD) corresponds to a long-lasting weakening of synaptic strength and is thought to be important in some cognitive processes and behavioral flexibility through synapse selective elimination. Following previous discoveries about the impact of AMPAR dynamic nano-organization at synapses on the regulation of the synaptic transmission strength and reliability, I decided to investigate their role in the weakening of synapses. Through this project, we demonstrated that AMPAR nanodomain content drops down rapidly and this depletion lasts several minutes to hours. The initial phase seems to be due to an increase of endocytosis events, but in a second phase, AMPAR mobility is increased following a reorganization of the post-synaptic density. This change in mobility allows depressed synapses to maintain their capacity to answer to high-frequency inputs. Thus, we propose that LTD-induced increase in AMPAR mobility allows to conduct a reliable response in synapses under high-frequency stimulation and thus to selectively maintain them while eliminating the inactive ones. To confirm this, I investigated how evolution of synaptic nano-organization regulates the synaptic elimination, called synaptic pruning, by modulating the relationship LTD-pruning. Finally, we showed that the isolation in time and space of a synapse favors its pruning following specific molecular reshufflings induced by LTD.
| Author | : Adam C. Errington |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 301 |
| Release | : 2014-09-22 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 149391426X |
GABA is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and acts via GABAA and GABAB receptors. Recently, a novel form of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition, termed “tonic” inhibition, has been described. Whereas synaptic GABAA receptors underlie classical “phasic” GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition (inhibitory postsynaptic currents), tonic GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition results from the activation of extrasynaptic receptors by low concentrations of ambient GABA. Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors are composed of receptor subunits that convey biophysical properties ideally suited to the generation of persistent inhibition and are pharmacologically and functionally distinct from their synaptic counterparts. This book highlights ongoing work examining the properties of recombinant and native extrasynaptic GABAA receptors and their preferential targeting by endogenous and clinically relevant agents. In addition, it emphasizes the important role of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in GABAergic inhibition throughout the CNS and identifies them as a major player in both physiological and pathophysiological processes.
| Author | : Antonius M. VanDongen |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 368 |
| Release | : 2008-10-29 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 142004415X |
The NMDA receptor plays a critical role in the development of the central nervous system and in adult neuroplasticity, learning, and memory. Therefore, it is not surprising that this receptor has been widely studied. However, despite the importance of rhythms for the sustenance of life, this aspect of NMDAR function remains poorly studied. Written
