The Contribution of Postural Adjustments to Body Balance and Motor Performance

The Contribution of Postural Adjustments to Body Balance and Motor Performance
Author: Eric Yiou
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Total Pages: 417
Release: 2019-02-08
Genre:
ISBN: 2889457524
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The control of balance by the central nervous system is crucial to maintain our posture and perform efficiently our daily motor tasks. This control requires the development of dynamical phenomena sub-served by highly-coordinated patterns of muscle activation/deactivation disseminated throughout the whole-body and called “postural adjustments”. Establishing the interaction between balance control, locomotion and cognition has important clinical implication, especially in term of falls prevention, and will improve our knowledge on the underlying neural correlates. This Research Topic provides an up-to-date picture of the relationship between postural adjustments, body balance and motor performance in healthy (young and older adults) and pathological participants. It includes 36 contributions (1 editorial, 28 original articles, 4 reviews and 3 methods articles) which are separated into four sections: 1. Postural maintenance and multisensory integration, 2. Anticipatory postural adjustments associated with voluntary movement, 3. Postural adjustments associated with predictable and unpredictable external perturbation, 4. Gait assessment and rehabilitation in aging. Beside their basic interest of unveiling the mechanisms behind motor control, results from the investigations of this topic are relevant to develop new methods or tools to improve postural stability and motor performance, with applications in the fields of neurodegenerative conditions, rehabilitation, ergonomics and sports sciences.

Balance Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease

Balance Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease
Author: Martina Mancini
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2019-09-17
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 9780128138748
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Balance Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Management presents the most updated information on a variety of topics. Sections help clinicians evaluate the types of balance control issues, dynamic balance dysfunction during turning, and the effects of medication, deep brain stimulation, and rehabilitation intervention on balance control. This book is the first to review the four main postural control systems and how they are affected, including balance during quiet stance, reactive postural adjustments to external perturbations, anticipatory postural adjustments in preparation for voluntary movements, and dynamic balance control during walking and turning. In addition, the book's authors summarize the effects of levodopa, deep brain stimulation, and rehabilitation intervention for each balance domain. This book is recommended for anyone interested in how and why balance control is affected by PD.

The Role of Postural Adjustments in Motor Coordination

The Role of Postural Adjustments in Motor Coordination
Author: Charlotte Le Mouel
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2018
Genre:
ISBN:
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My thesis is that efficient motor coordination relies on the adjustment of the body mechanical properties to the task at hand, by the postural system. I first considered tasks which require immobility, such as standing still and precise and accurate tool manipulation. I developed a generic model of stabilization with neural delays. According to this model, body mechanical properties such as stiffness and inertia play a critical role for maintaining immobility despite external perturbations, since they determine the relative speed at which perturbations will be amplified during the response delay. I then considered the task of initiating movement. The main purpose of postural control is considered to be to counteract the destabilizing force of gravity. However, from the consideration of the mechanical requirements for movement, I arrived at a different interpretation of the experimental findings on stance and movement initiation. I therefore developed the mobility theory, which states that during skilled movement the postural system adjusts the position of the centre of mass (CoM) in view of providing torque for the movement. I then tested to what extent this ability to adjust the CoM position to the task at hand was affected by aging. I performed an experimental analysis of the postural adjustments of elderly fallers and non-fallers. I showed that both elderly fallers and non-fallers are able to adjust their posture to the task, given advance warning, but elderly fallers are less able to rapidly adjust the CoM position during the task. Thus, motor coordination relies on the rapid adjustment of the body mechanical properties to changing task requirements.

Encyclopedia of Neuroscience

Encyclopedia of Neuroscience
Author: Marc D. Binder
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 4398
Release: 2008-10-13
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 9783540237358
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This 5000-page masterwork is literally the last word on the topic and will be an essential resource for many. Unique in its breadth and detail, this encyclopedia offers a comprehensive and highly readable guide to a complex and fast-expanding field. The five-volume reference work gathers more than 10,000 entries, including in-depth essays by internationally known experts, and short keynotes explaining essential terms and phrases. In addition, expert editors contribute detailed introductory chapters to each of 43 topic fields ranging from the fundamentals of neuroscience to fascinating developments in the new, inter-disciplinary fields of Computational Neuroscience and Neurophilosophy. Some 1,000 multi-color illustrations enhance and expand the writings.

Locomotion and Posture in Older Adults

Locomotion and Posture in Older Adults
Author: Fabio Augusto Barbieri
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 461
Release: 2017-02-07
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 3319489801
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This book is an attempt to advance the discussion and improve our understanding about the effects of aging and movement disorders on motor control during walking and postural tasks. Despite these activities are performed daily, there is a high requirement of motor and neural systems in order to perform both tasks efficiently. Both walking and posture require a complex interaction of musculoskeletal and neural systems. However, the mechanisms used to control these tasks, as well as how they are planned and coordinated, are still a question of discussion among health professionals and researchers. In addition, this discussion is more interesting when the effects of aging are included in the context of locomotion and the postural control. The number of older individuals is 841 million in 2015, which is four times higher than the 202 million that lived in 1950. Aging causes many motor, sensorial and neural deficits, which impair locomotion and postural control in the elderly. The severity of this framework is worsened when the aging goes along with a movement disorder, such as Parkinson disease, Chorea, Dystonia, Huntington disease, etc. Therefore, the aim of this book is to highlight the influence of different aspects on planning, controlling and performing locomotion and posture tasks. In attempting to improve current knowledge in this field, invited authors present and discuss how environmental, sensorial, motor, cognitive and individual aspects influence the planning and performance of locomotor and postural activities. The major thrust of the book is to address the mechanisms involved in controlling and planning motor action in neurological healthy individuals, as well as in those who suffer from movement disorders or face the effects of aging, indicating the aspects that impair locomotion and postural control. In addition, new technologies, tools and interventions designed to manage the effects of aging and movement disorders are presented in the book.

Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral Palsy
Author: Freeman Miller
Publisher: JHU Press
Total Pages: 537
Release: 2006-05-08
Genre: Health & Fitness
ISBN: 0801883547
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When a child has a health problem, parents want answers. But when a child has cerebral palsy, the answers don't come quickly. A diagnosis of this complex group of chronic conditions affecting movement and coordination is difficult to make and is typically delayed until the child is eighteen months old. Although the condition may be mild or severe, even general predictions about long-term prognosis seldom come before the child's second birthday. Written by a team of experts associated with the Cerebral Palsy Program at the Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, this authoritative resource provides parents and families with vital information that can help them cope with uncertainty. Thoroughly updated and revised to incorporate the latest medical advances, the second edition is a comprehensive guide to cerebral palsy. The book is organized into three parts. In the first, the authors describe specific patterns of involvement (hemiplegia, diplegia, quadriplegia), explain the medical and psychosocial implications of these conditions, and tell parents how to be effective advocates for their child. In the second part, the authors provide a wealth of practical advice about caregiving from nutrition to mobility. Part three features an extensive alphabetically arranged encyclopedia that defines and describes medical terms and diagnoses, medical and surgical procedures, and orthopedic and other assistive devices. Also included are lists of resources and recommended reading.