The Benzodiazepine Receptor

The Benzodiazepine Receptor
Author: Walter Erhard Müller
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 208
Release: 1987-12-10
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 9780521304184

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Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used psychotropic drugs, prescribed for their action as tranquillizers, hypnotics and anti-epileptics. They act in the brain by binding to specific, highly selective recognition sites, the benzodiazepine receptors. This book, first published in 1987, summarises our knowledge of these receptors for a student and professional audience and is divided into two sections. In the first part, the general properties of the receptors and their involvement in the mechanisms of action of benzodiazepines are described. The second part discusses the function of the receptors and concludes that the system represents a novel neuronal system for the fine adjustment of brain function or for auxiliary function if the other neuronal systems fail owing to pathological defects.

Handbook of Sleep Disorders in Medical Conditions

Handbook of Sleep Disorders in Medical Conditions
Author: Josee Savard
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 472
Release: 2019-03-14
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0128130156

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Handbook of Sleep Disorders in Medical Conditions reviews the current knowledge on the nature and manifestations of sleep disorders associated with a variety of common medical conditions, including epilepsy, traumatic brain injury and dementia. It also provides clinical guidelines on how to assess and treat them with pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Although the general principles of sleep medicine may be applied to some extent to patients with comorbid medical conditions, this book makes the case that an adaptive approach is warranted when considering the particularities of each condition. In addition, clinicians must also be cautious when prescribing sleep medications as some pharmacological agents are known to exacerbate symptoms associated with the medical condition, such as cognitive deficits (i.e. difficulties with memory and attention) in cancer patients experiencing chemo brain, or in persons with neurologic conditions (e.g. mild cognitive impairment, dementia, stroke, brain injury). A differential approach to evaluating and treating sleep is thus warranted. Presents a general overview on assessing and treating sleep disorders that are applicable to a diverse set of patients Provides a comprehensive, up-to-date review of the literature on the prevalence and manifestations of sleep problems related to specific medical conditions Includes practical information regarding special considerations for the assessment and treatment of sleep issues in specific medical conditions

The Benzodiazepines Crisis

The Benzodiazepines Crisis
Author: John Peppin
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Total Pages: 289
Release: 2020-10-01
Genre: Psychology
ISBN: 0197517293

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Developed decades ago to treat a legitimate medical need, benzodiazepines promisingly displaced less-effective and less-safe drugs, though prescribing has since exceeded their intended use and outpaced the available data. The current situation is characterized by excessive prescribing and extended utilization beyond good therapeutic practice. Evidence indicates that prolonged use of benzodiazepines causes a wide range of adverse reactions, and withdrawal can be particularly challenging. Misused, abused, diverted, and counterfeited, benzodiazepines have serious potential for substance use disorder, and are among the leading causes of drug-related overdose deaths. The Benzodiazepines Crisis sounds the alarm against the overuse of benzodiazepines, presenting an updated, evidence-based overview of this class of drugs and their negative consequences. Bringing together years of research, clinical expertise, and scientific evidence, this book aims to address a perceived lag between evidence and action in order to call for rational and dramatically reduced usage of benzodiazepines.

Gaba and Benzodiazepine Receptor

Gaba and Benzodiazepine Receptor
Author: Richard F. Squires
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 168
Release: 1988
Genre: Medical
ISBN:

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Modern Anesthetics

Modern Anesthetics
Author: Jürgen Schüttler
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 497
Release: 2008-01-08
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 3540748067

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Some important constraints of anesthesia must be taken into consideration when the pharmacological properties of modern anesthetics are discussed. The most imp- tant of these could be that the target effect be achieved preferably within seconds, at most within a few minutes. Similarly, offset of drug action should be achieved within minutes rather hours. The target effects, such as unconsciousness, are pot- tially life-threatening, as are the side effects of modern anesthetics, such as respi- tory and cardiovascular depression. Finally, the patient’s purposeful responses are not available to guide drug dosage, because, either the patient is unconscious, or more problematically, the patient is aware but unable to communicate pain because of neuromuscular blockade. These constraints were already recognised 35 years ago, when in 1972 Volume XXX entitled “Modern Inhalation Anesthetics” appeared in this Handbook Series. The present volume is meant as a follow up and extension of that volume. At the beginning of the 1970’s anesthesia was commonly delivered by inhalation, with only very few exceptions. The clinical understanding of that time considered anesthesia as a unique state achieved by any of the inhalation anesthetics, in- pendent of their specific molecular structure. “The very mechanism of anesthetic action at the biophase” was discussed within the theoretical framework of the “u- tary theory of narcosis”.

Benzodiazepine Receptor Inverse Agonists

Benzodiazepine Receptor Inverse Agonists
Author: Martin Sarter
Publisher: Wiley-Liss
Total Pages: 328
Release: 1995-01-23
Genre: Medical
ISBN:

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Provides a comprehensive overview of the biochemical, pharmacological and behavioral research on benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) inverse agonists. Emphasis is given to psychopharmacological potential (including cognitive and motivational enhancement) andtreatment applications (ethanol-antagonism, movement disorders, head injury). The book contains black-and-white illustrations.

Extrasynaptic GABAA Receptors

Extrasynaptic GABAA Receptors
Author: Adam C. Errington
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 301
Release: 2014-09-22
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 149391426X

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GABA is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and acts via GABAA and GABAB receptors. Recently, a novel form of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition, termed “tonic” inhibition, has been described. Whereas synaptic GABAA receptors underlie classical “phasic” GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition (inhibitory postsynaptic currents), tonic GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition results from the activation of extrasynaptic receptors by low concentrations of ambient GABA. Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors are composed of receptor subunits that convey biophysical properties ideally suited to the generation of persistent inhibition and are pharmacologically and functionally distinct from their synaptic counterparts. This book highlights ongoing work examining the properties of recombinant and native extrasynaptic GABAA receptors and their preferential targeting by endogenous and clinically relevant agents. In addition, it emphasizes the important role of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in GABAergic inhibition throughout the CNS and identifies them as a major player in both physiological and pathophysiological processes.

Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors

Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors
Author: Eva Giesen-Crouse
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 308
Release: 1993-05-05
Genre: Medical
ISBN:

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Neuroscience Perspectives provides multidisciplinary reviews of topics in one of the most diverse and rapidly advancing fields in the life sciences. Whether you are a new recruit to neuroscience, or an established expert, look to this series for 'one-stop' sources of the historical, physiological, pharmacological, biochemical, molecular biological and therapeutic aspects of chosen research areas. Although peripheral type benzodiazepne recognition sites have been demonstrated in the brain and peripheral organs of various species for more than 10 years, the exact physiological function or pharmacological effects have not yet been established. Peripheral benzodiazepine literature is so overwhelming that the novice may find it virtually impossible to form a clear idea about the diverse findings. This volume, dedicated exclusively to pBR and their natural and synthetic ligands, puts the available data into perspective. A truly interdisciplinary approach has brought neuroscientists, cardiologists, endocrinologists, and immunologists together to work on the description of pBR-mediated effects. The chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology of the pBR receptor and its ligands are reviewed, their pharmacological usefulness is conjectured, and thus a true overview of the field is provided. * SPECIAL FEATURES * This volume follows the Neuroscience Perspectives brief of providing a historical background, pharmacological, biochemical and physiological aspects of research and therapeutic potential, of its chosen topic. * The peripheral benzodiazepine recognition site has been recognised for more than ten years, but the exact physiological and pharmacological effects have not yet been established.

Calming the Brain

Calming the Brain
Author: Adam Doble
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 196
Release: 2020-09-08
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 1000144461

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This book covers the entire field of research in the area of minor tranquillizers and its application to current clinical practice in the treatment of anxiety and insomnia. These drugs are principally the benzodiazepines and related drugs with a similar mechanism of action, such as zolpidem and zopiclone. The molecular mechanism of action of benzodiazepines is described, focussing on the interaction of these drugs with the different isoform of the GABAA^O >receptor, and the consequences of this for brain function. Recent advances in this knowledge have provided a framework for defining the physiochemical nature of the interaction between such drugs and their receptor protein, and thus pave the way for the design of new anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs. The animal models available for evaluating the potential of such new therapeutic agents in the treatment of anxiety and insomnia are discussed. Furthermore, understanding of the physiological regulation of the GABAA receptor may provide insights into the aetiopathology of these diseases. The clinical use of benzodiazepines and related drugs in the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, epilepsy and as anaesthetics are explored. The advantages and limitations of such treatments are discussed, and the impact of drugs evaluated. A chapter is devoted to the issue of independence, the clinical pertinence of tolerence and dependence, and evaluates treatment options that may minimise the risk of dependence.

Benzodiazepine Receptor Ligands, Memory and Information Processing

Benzodiazepine Receptor Ligands, Memory and Information Processing
Author: Ian Hindmarch
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 322
Release: 2013-03-12
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 3642732887

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The following papers were presented at an international workshop on benzo diazepine receptor ligands, memory and information processing, held during the 15th CINP meeting in Puerto Rico in December 1986 and organised by the editors and T. Roth. This workshop was aimed at reviewing and reflecting on past experience with benzodiazepines, evaluating the current state of knowledge of the actions of psychotropic orugs (particularly benzodiazepines, fJ-carbolines and benzodiazepine antagonists), and laying a basis of interest and speculation for future research into the potential use of these drugs in disorders of memory and information processing. There is much published material regarding the theoretical underpinnings of what psychologists call "memory", and doubtless there will be several more libraries filled with theses on the topic before a consensus is reached as regards basic definitions or even meaningful distinctions between for example, "short" and "long"-term memory - everyone has his own particular theory. The qualitative and quantitative diversity of the different approaches might seem to present an insurmountable problem for the psychologist seeking a unified conceptual framework. In practice the various theories produce a plethora of pragmatic and experimental techniques for psychopharmacologists and clinicians to use when investigating drugs with putative amnestic or promnestic properties.