Technisches Zentralblatt. Abteilung Maschinenwesen. Patente
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Total Pages | : 542 |
Release | : 1961 |
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Author | : |
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Total Pages | : 542 |
Release | : 1961 |
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Total Pages | : 1614 |
Release | : 1974 |
Genre | : Language Arts & Disciplines |
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A union list of serials commencing publication after Dec. 31, 1949.
Author | : Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 208 |
Release | : 1963 |
Genre | : Abstracting and indexing services |
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Author | : Library of Congress |
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Total Pages | : 244 |
Release | : 1953 |
Genre | : Periodicals |
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Author | : National Science Library (Canada) |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 648 |
Release | : 1963 |
Genre | : Learned institutions and societies |
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Author | : Lars Heide |
Publisher | : JHU Press |
Total Pages | : 377 |
Release | : 2009-04-27 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 0801891434 |
At a time when Internet use is closely tracked and social networking sites supply data for targeted advertising, Lars Heide presents the first academic study of the invention that fueled today’s information revolution: the punched card. Early punched cards helped to process the United States census in 1890. They soon proved useful in calculating invoices and issuing pay slips. As demand for more sophisticated systems and reading machines increased in both the United States and Europe, punched cards served ever-larger data-processing purposes. Insurance companies, public utilities, businesses, and governments all used them to keep detailed records of their customers, competitors, employees, citizens, and enemies. The United States used punched-card registers in the late 1930s to pay roughly 21 million Americans their Social Security pensions, Vichy France used similar technologies in an attempt to mobilize an army against the occupying German forces, and the Germans in 1941 developed several punched-card registers to make the war effort—and surveillance of minorities—more effective. Heide’s analysis of these three major punched-card systems, as well as the impact of the invention on Great Britain, illustrates how different cultures collected personal and financial data and how they adapted to new technologies. This comparative study will interest students and scholars from a wide range of disciplines, including the history of technology, computer science, business history, and management and organizational studies.
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Total Pages | : 688 |
Release | : 1970 |
Genre | : Union catalogs |
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Includes entries for maps and atlases.
Author | : Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 200 |
Release | : 1960 |
Genre | : Periodicals |
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Author | : New York Public Library. Research Libraries |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 590 |
Release | : 1979 |
Genre | : Library catalogs |
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Author | : Markus Krajewski |
Publisher | : MIT Press |
Total Pages | : 222 |
Release | : 2011-08-19 |
Genre | : Language Arts & Disciplines |
ISBN | : 0262297272 |
Why the card catalog—a “paper machine” with rearrangeable elements—can be regarded as a precursor of the computer. Today on almost every desk in every office sits a computer. Eighty years ago, desktops were equipped with a nonelectronic data processing machine: a card file. In Paper Machines, Markus Krajewski traces the evolution of this proto-computer of rearrangeable parts (file cards) that became ubiquitous in offices between the world wars. The story begins with Konrad Gessner, a sixteenth-century Swiss polymath who described a new method of processing data: to cut up a sheet of handwritten notes into slips of paper, with one fact or topic per slip, and arrange as desired. In the late eighteenth century, the card catalog became the librarian's answer to the threat of information overload. Then, at the turn of the twentieth century, business adopted the technology of the card catalog as a bookkeeping tool. Krajewski explores this conceptual development and casts the card file as a “universal paper machine” that accomplishes the basic operations of Turing's universal discrete machine: storing, processing, and transferring data. In telling his story, Krajewski takes the reader on a number of illuminating detours, telling us, for example, that the card catalog and the numbered street address emerged at the same time in the same city (Vienna), and that Harvard University's home-grown cataloging system grew out of a librarian's laziness; and that Melvil Dewey (originator of the Dewey Decimal System) helped bring about the technology transfer of card files to business.