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| Author | : |
| Publisher | : World Bank Publications |
| Total Pages | : 11 |
| Release | : |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Maurice Schiff |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 11 |
| Release | : 2016 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Mundell and Markusen each wrote classic papers on the relationship between trade and factor movement. Mundell showed that substitution holds in the Heckscher-Ohlin model. Markusen challenged the substitution result and showed in five different models that removing barriers to factor movement results in complementarity under free trade, identical factor endowments, and a change in any one of the other assumptions underlying the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The author generalizes Markusen's analysis by considering the liberalization of barriers to factor movement under any non-negative level of protection, and liberalizing trade barriers under factor mobility. He shows that (1) substitution holds at high protection levels, (2) complementarity holds at low protection levels, and (3) either substitution or complementarity hold under large tariff changes.
| Author | : Maurice Schiff |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 16 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : Free trade |
| ISBN | : |
"Mundell and Markusen each wrote classic papers on the relationship between trade and factor movement. Mundell showed that substitution holds in the Heckscher-Ohlin model. Markusen challenged the substitution result and showed in five different models that removing barriers to factor movement results in complementarity under free trade, identical factor endowments, and a change in any one of the other assumptions underlying the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The author generalizes Markusen's analysis by considering the liberalization of barriers to factor movement under any non-negative level of protection, and liberalizing trade barriers under factor mobility. He shows that (1) substitution holds at high protection levels, (2) complementarity holds at low protection levels, and (3) either substitution or complementarity hold under large tariff changes."--World Bank web site.
| Author | : Maurice Schiff |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 8 |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This paper uses a classic model to show that the trade-factor movement relationship depends not only on technology or endowment differences but varies with trade policy. Challenging Mundell's (1957) result, based on Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O), that trade and factor movement are substitutes, Markusen (1983) assumed identical endowments and successively changed one of the H-O model's other assumptions (e.g., identical technology), obtaining complementarity when factor movement is liberalized and trade is free. I generalize Markusen's analysis by considering two additional policy scenarios: factor movement liberalization under trade barriers and trade liberalization under free factor movement. Changes in technology gap are also examined. The main findings are: i) Substitution (complementarity) prevails at high (low) protection rates; ii) The same result holds for a large increase (decrease) in protection when the protection rate is low (high) but not when it is high (low), in which case the relationship is ambiguous; and iii) A decrease in technology gap raises the range of protection rates where substitution prevails. Implications of the findings are provided.
| Author | : Philippe Bourbeau |
| Publisher | : Edward Elgar Publishing |
| Total Pages | : 441 |
| Release | : 2017-04-28 |
| Genre | : Emigration and immigration |
| ISBN | : 1785360493 |
This Handbook provides a state-of-the-art analysis of the critically important links between migration and security in a globalising world, and presents original contributions suggesting innovative and emerging frontiers in the study of the securitization of migration. Experts from different fields reflect on their respective conceptualisations of the migration-security nexus, and consider how an interdisciplinary and multifaceted dialogue can stimulate and enrich our understanding of the securitisation of migration in the contemporary world.
| Author | : Mauro Testaverde |
| Publisher | : World Bank Publications |
| Total Pages | : 405 |
| Release | : 2017-10-02 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1464811083 |
The movement of people in Southeast Asia is an issue of increasing importance. Countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are now the origin of 8 percent of the world's migrants. These countries host only 4 percent of the world's migrants but intra-regional migration has turned Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand into regional migration hubs that are home to 6.5 million ASEAN migrants. However, significant international and domestic labor mobility costs limit the ability of workers to change firms, sectors, and geographies in ASEAN. This report takes an innovative approach to estimate the costs for workers to migrate internationally. Singapore and Malaysia have the lowest international labor mobility costs in ASEAN while workers migrating to Myanmar and Vietnam have the highest costs. Singapore and Malaysia's more developed migration systems are a key reason for their lower labor mobility costs. How easily workers can move to take advantage of new opportunities is important in determining how they fare under the increased economic integration planned for ASEAN. To study this question, the report simulates how worker welfare is affected by enhanced trade integration under different scenarios of labor mobility costs. Region-wide, worker welfare would be 14 percent higher if barriers to mobility were reduced for skilled workers, and an additional 29 percent if barriers to mobility were lowered for all workers. Weaknesses in migration systems increase international labor mobility costs, but policy reforms can help. Destination countries should work toward systems that are responsive to economic needs and consistent with domestic policies. Sending countries should balance protections for migrant workers with the needs of economic development.
| Author | : Pablo Fajnzylber |
| Publisher | : World Bank Publications |
| Total Pages | : 410 |
| Release | : 2008-02-08 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 0821368710 |
Workers' remittances have become a major source of financing for developing countries and are especially important in Latin America and the Caribbean, which is at the top of the ranking of remittance receiving regions in the world. While there has been a recent surge in analytical work on the topic, this book is motivated by the large heterogeneity in migration and remittance patterns across countries and regions, and by the fact that existing evidence for Latin America and the Caribbean is restricted to only a few countries, such as Mexico and El Salvador. Because the nature of the phenomenon varies across countries, its development impact and policy implications are also likely to differ in ways that are still largely unknown. This book helps fill the gap by exploring, in the specific context of Latin America and Caribbean countries, some of the main questions faced by policymakers when trying to respond to increasing remittances flows. The book relies on cross-country panel data and household surveys for 11 Latin American countries to explore the development impact of remittance flows along several dimensions: growth, poverty, inequality, schooling, health, labor supply, financial development, and real exchange rates.
| Author | : Leora Klapper |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 48 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : Service industries |
| ISBN | : |
"The authors test competing theories of capital structure choices using firm-level data on firm borrowings. The majority of firms in the dataset are privately owned, young, micro or small and medium enterprise (SME) firms concentrated in the service sector. In general, the financing pattern of firms is low leverage ratios and, in particular, low levels of intermediated financing and long-term financing. Average firm growth rates decreased during the five years of the sample period. Average profitability growth ratios are also negative across age and sectors and large firms have the highest negative profit growth rates. Statistical tests find a positive firm size effect on financial intermediation. Larger firms have higher leverage ratios (both short term and long term), including higher use of trade credit. There is also a negative influence of profitability on leverage ratios (more profitable firms use less external financing), which supports the "pecking order" theory that in environments with greater asymmetric information (such as weaker credit information) firms prefer to use internal or inter-firm financing. Finally, firms operating in a competitive environment have higher leverage ratios. For instance, young, small firms are the most active employment generators in the Polish economy. In particular, the authors find that although SMEs seem to be very active in creating jobs in recent years. This suggests that a new type of firm is emerging that is more market and profit-oriented. But at the same time, these firms appear to have financial constraints that impede their growth. Improvements in the business environment, such as better credit and registry information, could help promote growth in this sector. "--World Bank web site.
| Author | : Bailey Klinger |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 36 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : Exports |
| ISBN | : |
"This paper examines the link between sectoral concentration and overall performance in the search for on-the-frontier innovations, inside-the-frontier innovations, and export booms. It extends the literature by increasing country coverage and the types of search processes considered, and by focusing on the links with overall performance in these search processes. After controlling for the necessary relationships as well as fixed effects at the country/commodity group level, the paper finds a clear negative relationship between the concentration of innovation portfolios and performance: countries that are the most successful in these search processes have their successes spread across a broader range of industries than those with poorer performance. Furthermore, the search for export booms exhibits the least amount of sectoral concentration and path-dependence. These findings suggest that public support for these processes need not be focused in a narrow range of sectors, and modeling of these processes in theoretical work, particularly in the search for export booms, should be of a stochastic flavor.."--World Bank web site.
| Author | : Franklin Allen |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 72 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : Business enterprises |
| ISBN | : |
"The authors examine the legal and business environments, financing channels, and governance mechanisms of various types of firms in India and compare them to those from other countries. Despite its English commonlaw origin, strong legal protection provided by the law, and a democratic government, corruption within India's legal system and government significantly weakens investor protection in practice. External financing of firms has been dominated by nonmarket sources of financing, while the characteristics of listed firms are similar to those from countries with weak investor protection. The evidence, including results based on a survey of small and medium-scale private firms, shows that alternative financing channels provide the most important source of funds. The authors also find that informal governance mechanisms, such as those based on reputation, trust, and relationships are more important than formal mechanisms (such as courts) in resolving disputes, overcoming corruption, and supporting growth. "--World Bank web site.
