The USSR has about 26 million ha of lakes, 7 million ha of reservoirs and 500 000 km of running waters on which inland fisheries can be practised. The principal characteristics of these water bodies are presented here, together with a survey of the most important species of fish, both indigenous and exotic, inhabiting the lakes and reservoirs. Details of inter-specific fish relationships are also discussed. Annual fish production from all inland waters, including aquaculture, had reached 988 000 tons by 1987. In addition anglers probably landed another 200 000 tons per year. Lake catches accounted for approximately 40-44% of the commercial catches, while the reservoir and riverine cataches contributed 28-34% and 23-30% respectively. Methods of fishery management are discussed, with emphasis on intensification practices. These include the establishment of highly productive fish farms and hatcheris, the conversion of reservoir shallows and small lakes into fish farms, the use of warmed effluent water from power stations, and the problems of introducing and acclimataing new species particularly Coregonidae and Chinese carps. The basic technical designs of fish passes and barriers are described, also details, design and operation of active and passive fishing equipment. Mention is made of legislation which governs fishing in the USSR, and some account is given of the development and current status of fisheries in the Aral and Caspian seas.