Excerpt from The Closed Union Shop Versus the Open Shop: Their Social and Economic Value Compared I shall endeavor to discuss the subject under topical heads dealing with definitions of the closed union shop and the Open shop, with the bases upon which they respectively rest, with their organizations and working effects, and with their social and economic values. Finally, I shall examine their validities as movements in the drama of our social development. In using such general divisions, I recognize their frequently close relationship and even interpenetration. They must not, therefore, be assumed as positive demarcations. It should also be said that the treatment of the Subject has been deliberately confined to principles. The Closed and Open shops, in the extreme forms in which I picture them, rarely if ever appear in actual practice. Neverthe less the tendency toward the extremes is held to be inherent. Therefore it is believed that it will conduce to clarity if the extremes are assumed while rememberingthat the actual situation is always in total a compromise. Yet, even so, as will no doubt be recognized, aspects of the extremes do crop Up in real life. Unless, then, we are prepared to set up a naked abstraction of principles, there will be constantly present to obscure our analysis what may be termed the clothing of everyday working practice. The method is but the ordinary one in all Scientific inquiry. This preliminary caution to the reader is given so much emphasis because both the employer and the employee know full well that rarely if ever are their ultimate de mands attained. Always, in every arrangement, there is a measure of compromise. Even in the rare instances where one side or the other appears to impose its full will on the other, there is no permanence in the relations, or the very demands or conditions have been perhaps un consciously modified by the Situation. Expediency is ever present and at work as a practical force, though it may in no degree abridge the opposing principles. The general text of the inquiry, therefore, frequently assumes, or but brie y refers to, much that would otherwise have to be gone into at length. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works."