The grain milling industry has undergone substantial change during the past several decades in technical as well as industry structure. This study seeks to determine how industry performance, as reflected in productivity growth, has varied since the 1950's. Productivity growth is represented primarily by its dual rate, the percentage reduction in total cost induced by technical progress. Using an econometric approach, I estimate productivity growth rates, rates of substitutability among inputs, and factor biases of technological change. Each are estimated for the short run, where the capital input is held fixed, and for the long run, where all inputs adjust optimally. I focus on five grain milling industries: flour milling, rice milling, pet foods, animal feeds, and bread baking. Results indicate the important role that capital has played in inducing productivity growth. For example, capital's shadow price has increased every year in every industry, implying the quality of capital has risen relative to that of labor and materials. Technical change has been capital-using and, especially in recent years, material-saving.