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| Author | : Gbenga Dada |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 72 |
| Release | : 2018-08-30 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9783330035379 |
| Author | : Grace Oluwatofunmi Popoola |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2022 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
In most developing countries, agricultural households are predisposed to various shocks which further worsen their food security state and well-being. This study examines the effect of shocks on the food security status of agricultural households in Nigeria. Using the four rounds of the LSMS-ISA data collected by the World Bank across the 2010/2011, 2012/2013, 2015/2016 and 2018/2019 periods respectively comprising of rural and urban households. Descriptive statistics, FGT and Dynamic Probit Model were used to analyze the data. Major shocks experienced by agricultural households across the periods under review are death, ill- health, unfavourable climate and economic shock. 44.1% of agricultural households were food insecure in 2010/2011 season and the incidence increased to 53.4% in the 2018/2019 season. Shocks, explained by death or disability of working adult, fall in the price of output and increase in the price of major food items were significant at 10%, 10% and 1% respectively and negatively related with the probability of being food secure. Relying on less preferred foods, limit variety of foods eaten, limit portion size at meal times and reduce the number of meals eaten in a day were coping strategies employed. Improving infrastructure and providing basic amenities that will improve the livelihood of agricultural households should be paramount. Also, an output price support programme and functional marketing boards to cushion the effects of rising prices of major food items and inputs should be introduced.
| Author | : Osanyinlusi Oladele Ige |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2022 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9789781815010 |
| Author | : Amare, Mulubrhan |
| Publisher | : Intl Food Policy Res Inst |
| Total Pages | : 43 |
| Release | : 2020-08-11 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : |
This paper combines pre-pandemic face-to-face survey data with follow up phone surveys collected in April-May 2020 to quantify the overall and differential impacts of COVID-19 on household food security, labor market participation and local food prices in Nigeria. We exploit spatial variation in exposure to COVID-19 related infections and lockdown measures along with temporal differences in our outcomes of interest using a difference-in-difference approach. We find that those households exposed to higher COVID-19 cases or mobility lockdowns experience a significant increase in measures of food insecurity. Examining possible transmission channels for this effect, we find that COVID-19 significantly reduces labor market participation and increases food prices. We find that impacts differ by economic activities and households. For instance, lockdown measures increased households' experience of food insecurity by 12 percentage points and reduced the probability of participation in non-farm business activities by 13 percentage points. These lockdown measures have smaller impacts on wage-related activities and farming activities. In terms of food security, households relying on non-farm businesses, poorer households, those with school-aged children, and those living in remote and conflicted-affected zones have experienced relatively larger deteriorations in food insecurity. These findings can help inform immediate and medium-term policy responses, including social protection policies aiming at ameliorating the impacts of the pandemic, as well as guide targeting strategies of governments and international donor agencies by identifying the most impacted sub-populations.
| Author | : Balana, Bedru B. |
| Publisher | : Intl Food Policy Res Inst |
| Total Pages | : 34 |
| Release | : 2020-12-08 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : |
The Government’s policy measures such as travel restrictions, lockdowns, and restrictions on economic and social activities, aimed at curbing the spread of COVID-19, had affected the livelihoods and food security of smallholders in Nigeria. Using data collected from sample households from four Nigerian states, this study investigated the effects of COVID-19 pandemic policies on the incomes, employment, and food security situation of smallholder farming households. Results show that 88 percent of the households reported that they lost about 50 percent of their income due to the pandemic. As a result, about 66 percent of respondents reported they reduced food consumption. Travel and movement restrictions caused disruptions in agricultural activities and supply chains, as 29 percent of respondents reported planting fewer crops, 24 percent reduced cropping area, and 24 percent reduced fertilizer application. In terms of household’s food security, results show that COVID-19 significantly worsened the food security situation of many households in Nigeria, especially poorer households. More than 80 percent of respondents worried about not having enough food and 77 percent ate less food than they thought they should. Survey households also reported a significant reduction of consumption of proteins (eggs, meat, and dairy products) and fruits since the pandemic struck. Increases in food prices are felt by most households (85 percent). We suggest three key policy priorities: support vulnerable households to mitigate the impacts of income loss through cash transfer or improved credit access; interventions to improve agricultural inputs supply chains to ease the pandemic’s impact on agricultural production; and support food insecure households through direct food distribution.
| Author | : Pimam Manzi Pidalatan |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 93 |
| Release | : 2019 |
| Genre | : Children |
| ISBN | : |
Households experience multiple shocks, among which health-related and agricultural-related shocks are the most frequent shocks in developing economies. Households' exposure to shocks contributes more to the risk of being food insecure than a poor resource endowment (Azeem et al., 2016). Moreover, in low-income countries about 3.5 million mothers and children under the age of five die every year because they are undernourished (FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP AND WHO 2017). Sub-Sahara Africa is the region with the highest prevalence of undernourished people (22 percent) and stunted children (30 percent) (FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP AND WHO 2017). Three of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals are to eliminate hunger, improve child education and health outcomes. This dissertation is a collection of three essays evaluating the persistent effect of shocks on food insecurity and the association between food insecurity and educational outcome and growth among children. For all the essays, I use data from three rounds of the Nigeria General Household Survey Panel (NGHSP) collected in 2010/2011, 2012/2013, and 2015/2016. In general, results from this dissertation show that shocks have a persistent and heterogeneous effect on food insecurity, and food insecurity has an adverse effect on school enrollment and growth. The first essay evaluates the persistent effect of household shocks on food insecurity. The paper uses fixed-effect analysis techniques, to control for household time-invariant characteristics, and imposes a two-year gap between the shock occurrence and the measure of household food insecurity, to ensure a clear direction of the impact. The results from this paper show a heterogeneous effect of shocks: households who have experienced illness of an adult working member or harvest failure from poor rain are at a risk of food insecurity for several years. Households harmed by transitory price shocks, on the other hand, are vulnerable to food insecurity only for a relatively short period. The second essay investigates the effect of household food insecurity on enrollment among school age. The paper addresses the issue of endogeneity in food insecurity by using rainfall and price of rice as instrumental variables, and employs Probit-Instrumental Variables (IV) and Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS)-IV models. The results show that children in food insecure households are less likely to be in school, and this result is more pronounced among children in rural areas compared to those in urban areas. The third essay investigates the consequences of food insecurity on children's growth, namely Height-for-Age and Weight-for-Age z-scores using Ordinary Linear Squares (OLS) technique, while controlling for previous child's z-scores. Results show that children who live in food insecure households have low weight and height for their age, but the timing of food insecurity matters. In the case of Nigeria, post-planting food insecurity has a larger effect on weight-for-age and height-for-age than post-harvest measures and these effects can be seen several years later.
| Author | : Oluyemisi Kuku-Shittu |
| Publisher | : Intl Food Policy Res Inst |
| Total Pages | : 44 |
| Release | : 2013-07-30 |
| Genre | : Social Science |
| ISBN | : |
The Nigerian Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) provides an in-depth assessment of the food security situation within Nigeria. This is very important as it equips policymakers with timely and relevant information that will aid the targeting of interventions. Some of the most pertinent findings of the study are listed below: Food insecurity and poverty are intricately linked. Some 29 percent of households in the poorest wealth quintiles have unacceptable diets (9 percent poor and 20 percent borderline) compared with 15 percent in the wealthiest (2 percent poor and 13 percent borderline). The poorest livelihoods are found in agriculture. Seventy-seven percent of subsistence farmers are found in the two poorest wealth quintiles, as are 70 percent of mixed or cash crop farmers. The general state of water and sanitation facilities available to households in all wealth categories is very poor, with consequent health implications. Forty-five percent of respondents do not have access to decent toilets, and 85 percent have no proper means of refuse disposal. The vulnerable and food insecure are mostly found in rural areas and the North West and North East regions of Nigeria. Most households in all regions and at all wealth levels purchase food, but rural households and poorer households (by wealth and livelihood) also rely heavily on own food production. Households in the poorest quintiles in both rural and urban areas rely on own production (32 percent rural and 24 percent urban). Wealthier urban households rely mostly on purchases, whereas own production is common at varying levels across all wealth levels for rural households. Nigerians generally consume a starchy diet, but wealthier households can afford more nutrient-rich foods (including animal-based proteins) than poorer households. For instance, the wealthiest households consume meat, fish, and eggs an average of four days a week compared with only two days for the poorest households. Most households protect vulnerable household members in terms of food allocations (women and children), but that may not hold in the poorest households where some difficult allocation decisions may have to be made. Poorer households are more likely to engage in extreme coping strategies (like going a whole day without food) to deal with food shortages.
| Author | : Chinedum Uzoma Nwajiuba |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 140 |
| Release | : 2002 |
| Genre | : Agricultural systems |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Bedru Babulo Balana |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2021 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Frank Ellis |
| Publisher | : Oxford University Press |
| Total Pages | : 300 |
| Release | : 2000-06-29 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 9780198296966 |
Rural families in developing countries make a living by engaging in diverse activities. These range from farming, to rural trade, to migration to distant cities and even abroad. This book explores the implications of rural livelihood diversity for key topics in development studies and for poverty reduction policies. The livelihoods approach is gaining momentum, and this is the first book to set it out in detail.
