Asceticism in Early Taoist Religion

Asceticism in Early Taoist Religion
Author: Stephen Eskildsen
Publisher: State University of New York Press
Total Pages: 244
Release: 1998-10-01
Genre: History
ISBN: 1438402155

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Using a wide variety of original sources, this book brings to light how and why asceticism was carried out by Taoists during the first six centuries of the common era. It examines the practices of fasting, celibacy, self-imposed poverty, wilderness seclusion, and sleep-avoidance, and it discusses the beliefs and attitudes that motivated and justified such drastic actions. Asceticism in Early Taoist Religion demonstrates that although Taoist ascetics pursued austerities that were extremely rigorous, they did not seek to mortify the flesh. Through their austerities, they almost always sought to improve their physical strength and health, because they aspired toward physical longevity as well as spiritual perfection. Even though they sometimes taxed their bodies severely, they believed that their strength and health would eventually be restored if they persevered. The highest goal was to ascend to divine realms in an immortal body. However, certain beliefs that emerged during this period—particularly those influenced by Buddhism—may have caused some Taoist ascetics to virtually abandon their concern with longevity, and to focus disproportionately upon the perfection of the spirit. Such ascetics were more likely to purposely harm and neglect their bodies, contradictory as this may have been to the cherished ideals of the Taoist religion. Eskildsen traces how this problem may have emerged, and how it was viewed and dealt with by those who maintained the ideal of longevity.

Making Transcendents

Making Transcendents
Author: Robert Ford Campany
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2009
Genre: Asceticism
ISBN: 9780824870218

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By the middle of the third century B.C.E. in China there were individuals who sought to become transcendents (xian) - deathless, godlike beings endowed with supernormal powers. This quest for transcendence became a major form of religious expression and helped lay the foundation on which the first Daoist religion was built. Both xian and those who aspired to this exalted status in the centuries leading up to 350 C.E. have traditionally been portrayed as secretive and hermit-like figures. This groundbreaking study offers a very different view of xian-seekers in late classical and early medieval China.

Daoism, Meditation, and the Wonders of Serenity

Daoism, Meditation, and the Wonders of Serenity
Author: Stephen Eskildsen
Publisher: State University of New York Press
Total Pages: 398
Release: 2015-11-04
Genre: Religion
ISBN: 143845824X

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Stephen Eskildsen offers an overview of Daoist religious texts from the Latter Han (25–220) through Tang (618–907) periods, exploring passive meditation methods and their anticipated effects. These methods entailed observing the processes that unfold spontaneously within mind and body, rather than actively manipulating them by means common in medieval Daoist religion such as visualization, invocations, and the swallowing of breath or saliva. Through the resulting deep serenity, it was claimed, one could attain profound insights, experience visions, feel surges of vital force, overcome thirst and hunger, be cured of ailments, ascend the heavens, and gain eternal life. While the texts discussed follow the legacy of Warring States period Daoism such as the Laozi to a significant degree, they also draw upon medieval immortality methods and Buddhism. An understanding of the passive meditation literature provides important insights into the subsequent development of Neidan, or Internal Alchemy, meditation that emerged from the Song period onward.

The Teachings and Practices of the Early Quanzhen Taoist Masters

The Teachings and Practices of the Early Quanzhen Taoist Masters
Author: Stephen Eskildsen
Publisher: State University of New York Press
Total Pages: 283
Release: 2012-02-01
Genre: Religion
ISBN: 0791485315

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Stephen Eskildsen's book offers an in-depth study of the beliefs and practices of the Quanzhen (Complete Realization) School of Taoism, the predominant school of monastic Taoism in China. The Quanzhen School was founded in the latter half of the twelfth century by the eccentric holy man Wan Zhe (1113–1170), whose work was continued by his famous disciples commonly known as the Seven Realized Ones. This study draws upon surviving texts to examine the Quanzhen masters' approaches to mental discipline, intense asceticism, cultivation of health and longevity, mystical experience, supernormal powers, death and dying, charity and evangelism, and ritual. From these primary sources, Eskildsen provides a clear understanding of the nature of Quanzhen Taoism and reveals its core emphasis to be the cultivation of clarity and purity of mind that occurs not only through seated meditation, but also throughout the daily activities of life.

The Scripture of Salvation and Lingbao Practices of the Body

The Scripture of Salvation and Lingbao Practices of the Body
Author: Janna Karinne Shedd
Publisher:
Total Pages: 146
Release: 2009
Genre:
ISBN:

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As the field of Daoist studies has developed over the past half century, some specialists have increasingly made efforts to place Daoism within the broader conversation of world religions and religious studies. These efforts are not without their detractors, especially regarding the issue over whether or not to use theoretical categories developed in studies of other religious traditions to describe Daoism. Such a debate began over the use of the category "asceticism" by scholar Stephen Eskildsen, who recently published a book entitled Asceticism in Early Taoist Religion. Eskildsen's critics argue that the very word "asceticism" and the concepts it implies are inappropriate to Daoist studies. This paper is a result of my efforts to determine for myself whether "asceticism" useful or, conversely, inappropriate and unhelpful to understanding Daoism. Due to the vastness of the subject, I have focused my research in Daoism on a single, foundational text of the Lingbao tradition, the Scripture of Salvation. I examine the scripture's concepts of the body as a central feature to both Lingbao and ascetic theory and find that conscious and careful use of "asceticism" as a theoretical category does in fact shed light on important aspects of Lingbao and can contribute to our understanding of Daoism as whole. Using Gavin Flood's theories of asceticism and "ascetic self," I argue that the Scripture of Salvation prescribes a form of asceticism as entextualization of the medieval Lingbao body.

World History as the History of Foundations, 3000 BCE to 1500 CE

World History as the History of Foundations, 3000 BCE to 1500 CE
Author: Michael Borgolte
Publisher: BRILL
Total Pages: 783
Release: 2019-10-29
Genre: Reference
ISBN: 9004415084

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In World History as the History of Foundations, 3000 BCE to 1500 CE, Michael Borgolte investigates the origins and development of foundations from Antiquity to the end of the Middle Ages. In his survey foundations emerge not as mere legal institutions, but rather as “total social phenomena” which touch upon manifold aspects, including politics, the economy, art and religion of the cultures in which they emerged. Cross-cultural in its approach and the result of decades of research, this work represents by far the most comprehensive account of the history of foundations that has hitherto been published.

Chinese Religiosities

Chinese Religiosities
Author: Mayfair Mei-hui Yang
Publisher: Univ of California Press
Total Pages: 472
Release: 2008-11-04
Genre: History
ISBN: 0520098641

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"Extraordinarily timely and useful. As China emerges as an economic and political world power that seems to have done away with religion, in fact it is witnessing a religious revival. The thoughtful essays in this book show both the historical conflicts between state authorities and religious movements and the contemporary encounters that are shaping China's future. I am aware of no other book that covers so much ground and can be used so well as an introduction to this important field." —Peter van der Veer, University of Utrecht

Before Religion

Before Religion
Author: Brent Nongbri
Publisher: Yale University Press
Total Pages: 315
Release: 2013-01-22
Genre: History
ISBN: 0300154178

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Examining a wide array of ancient writings, Brent Nongbri dispels the commonly held idea that there is such a thing as ancient religion. Nongbri shows how misleading it is to speak as though religion was a concept native to pre-modern cultures.