Reconsidering the Links Between Poverty, International Labour Migration, and Agrarian Change

Reconsidering the Links Between Poverty, International Labour Migration, and Agrarian Change
Author: Ramesh K. Sunam
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2016
Genre:
ISBN:

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The role of international labour migration in processes leading to the (re)production of rural poverty in the rural South continues to shape critical academic and policy debate. While many studies have established that migration provides an important pathway to rural prosperity, they insufficiently analyse the profound effects that migration and remittances have on agrarian and rural livelihoods. This article uses the case of rural Nepal, where over half of the households are involved in foreign labour migration, as a 'window' to understand the processes shaping how migration effects poverty. The paper analyses how migration generates outcomes across the domains of rural people's changing relationship to land and agriculture, their experience of migration, and rural labour markets to advance our arguments. First, it argues that migration leads to the commodification of land, generating changes in patterns of land uses and tenancy relations. With respect to rural people's engagement with agriculture, migration generates both processes of 'deactivation' and 'repeasantization'. Second, foreign migration offers an exit from poverty for some while also creating processes of deeper impoverishment for others. Third, migration leads to structural changes in rural labour markets, reducing the supply of agrarian labour. Consequently, in contrast to the simplifying 'narrative' accounts of a migration pathway out of poverty, this paper concludes that the effects triggered by migration are highly contradictory, providing an exit from poverty when linked to diversification strategies, while engendering rising inequality and rural differentiation.

Growing Prosperity, Persistent Poverty in Rural Nepal

Growing Prosperity, Persistent Poverty in Rural Nepal
Author: Ramesh Kumar Sunam
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2015
Genre:
ISBN:

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What triggers positive changes in the livelihoods of the poor in the rural South? Some scholars and policy makers argue that deagrarianisation and the growth of non-farm employment offer pathways out of rural poverty. However, others remain less optimistic about the benefits that non-farm employment and migration can offer to the rural poor. While such accounts may be highly relevant, they may not always fully consider the complex structural factors and context-specific processes that shape how the rural poor engages in agriculture, migration and non-farm employment. By examining the structures and processes that lead to diverse poverty outcomes - reduction, persistence, or production of poverty - this thesis analyses how rural people interpret changes in their livelihoods, including the role of individual agency. To this end, the context of Nepal provides a window through which I engage with both empirical and theoretical debates on poverty dynamics and agrarian change. Although the vast majority of Nepali rural households remain attached to land and subsistence agriculture, over half of them are involved in international labour migration. Drawing on a year-long fieldwork combining ethnographic inquiries and quantitative analyses, I advance four arguments across the domains of rural people's changing relationship to land and agriculture, labour migration, and rural labour markets. First, for the poor pursuing land-based livelihoods, access to land remains critical as it offers a positive means of entering into non-agrarian pathways and of accumulating human and social capital. Yet, following the increased commodification of land and the attendant processes of dispossession, poor people's access to land has diminished. Second, international labour migration generates contradictory poverty outcomes, offering a route out of poverty for some while including others on adverse terms. In the process, it engenders rising inequality and rural differentiation. Third, regarding agrarian change, labour migration creates simultaneous and contradictory processes of "deactivation" of agriculture in some cases while in others it has led to "repeasantisation" of rural households. Fourth, migration leads to contradictory structural changes in rural labour markets since a decline in the labour pool has not increased demand for agricultural labour. Given the relatively unfavourable terms of engagement of the poor, neither agriculture, migration nor labouring alone provides sufficient means of exiting poverty. Within these key trends, this thesis reveals that it is the diversification of livelihoods combining agricultural and non-agricultural pursuits, principally migration, that facilitates the exit of poor households from poverty. Given the contingencies and risks in the face of structural and social constraints, the agency of poor households plays a critical role as individuals struggle to lift themselves out of poverty. Problematising the teleological vision of "narrative" pathways out of poverty, this thesis stresses the need for understanding and interventions to focus on how the terms of incorporation of the rural poor in different livelihood activities and the role of individual agency affect outcomes. Placing the key arguments drawn from the case of Nepal within the wider narratives, this thesis contributes to critical debates around rural poverty, migration and agrarian change in the rural South.

Routledge International Handbook of Poverty

Routledge International Handbook of Poverty
Author: Bent Greve
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 414
Release: 2019-09-25
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 0429608985

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The first of the UN Millennium Goals was to reduce extreme poverty and in 2014 it was halved compared to 1990, and now the goal is to eradicate poverty and hunger by 2030. The reduction in poverty is, to a high degree, the consequence of the rapid economic development in a few countries, especially China, but in many countries around the globe poverty is still at a high level and is influencing societies’ overall development. It is against this background that this Handbook provides an up-to-date analysis and overview of the topic from a large variety of theoretical and methodological angles. Organised into four parts, the Handbook provides knowledge on what poverty is, how it has developed, and what type of policies might be able to succeed in reducing poverty. Part I investigates conceptual issues and relates concepts to people’s relative position in society and the understanding of justice. Part II shows how poverty has developed. It combines existing empirical knowledge with regional/national understandings of the issue of poverty. Part III analyses policies and interventions with the aim of reducing or alleviating poverty within a national as well as global context. It includes a variety of countries and examples. Finally, Part IV tells us what can be done about poverty; what instruments are available to end poverty as we know it today. This volume will be an invaluable reference book for students and scholars throughout the social sciences, particularly in sociology, social policy, public policy, development studies, international relations and politics.

Mobilities of Labour and Capital in Asia

Mobilities of Labour and Capital in Asia
Author: Preet S. Aulakh
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 289
Release: 2020-02-20
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1108482325

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Explores the mobilities of capital and labour in the contemporary global economy. Using an analytical framework around three dimensions related to the forms, institutions, and spatialities of mobility, it examines the interrelationships between mobilities of capital and labour at multiple levels of analyses.

South Asia Migration Report 2020

South Asia Migration Report 2020
Author: S. Irudaya Rajan
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Total Pages: 224
Release: 2020-06-02
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 1000090507

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South Asia Migration Report 2020 documents key themes of exploitation and entrepreneurship of migrants from the region. This volume: • Includes dedicated fieldwork from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal; • Analyses the impact of South-Asia-migrant-established businesses; • Examines legal and legislative recourse against exploitation in destination countries; • Factors in how migration as a phenomenon negotiates with gender, environment and even healthcare. This book will be indispensable for scholars and researchers of economics, development studies, migration and diaspora studies, gender studies, labour studies and sociology. It will also be useful to policymakers, think tanks and government institutions working in the area.

Brokering Development?

Brokering Development?
Author: Idil Ires
Publisher: transcript Verlag
Total Pages: 345
Release: 2022-02-28
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 3839459524

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Recent portrayals of the private sector as the engine of poverty alleviation in Africa's agricultural growth corridors have sparked critique by scholars and activists alike. Land acquisitions by investors are the most criticized, but the private sector engages in corridors in other ways, on which research remains scarce. Idil Ires provides a political economy analysis of whether smallholders prosper when they coordinate with input suppliers, banks, and crop buyers through markets and contract farming in the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania. This book will appeal to scholars and practitioners from diverse fields, offering timely insights into a critical debate.

Exclusion and Inclusion in International Migration: Power, Resistance and Identity

Exclusion and Inclusion in International Migration: Power, Resistance and Identity
Author: Armağan Teke Lloyd
Publisher: Transnational Press London
Total Pages: 250
Release: 2019-04-30
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 1912997169

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"People on the move face new barriers in a globalizing world. Some of these barriers are related with the rise of an increasingly security-oriented approach towards international migrants. Notwithstanding the forces of globalization, states have maintained their monopoly power over whom to admit and whom to deny within their borders. In other words, they remain the sovereign authority regulating the entry and exit of people. However, in recent years, a number of states have singled out international immigration as the greatest political and social threat to their cultural and national security. The securitization of immigration is founded upon the premise that the international movement of people represents an exceptional risk for the survival of the nation and this is often associated with terrorism, instability and criminality. The securitization of immigration is also based on the idea that the ‘traditional’ authority vested in states to regulate immigration is somehow insufficient and needs to be enhanced. These assumptions correspond with a real policy shift in some countries such as the United States, where the government is planning to spend approximately 23 Billion Dollars on border security and immigration enforcement in 2019 alone." "This edited volume is an exploration of the global landscapes inhabited by refugees and labour migrants, although the focus is largely on the former. Despite the fact that most of the empirical studies are drawn from within Europe, the book also includes research on Nepal, Australia, the Middle East and Japan in order to reveal the truly global dimensions of migration and the regimes governing this." Content INTRODUCTION by Armağan Teke Lloyd PART A: Ideology and Governance of Migration CHAPTER 1. Coming to Terms with Liberal Democracy by the Populist Radical Right Parties of Western Europe: Evidence from European Parliament Speeches over Minorities and Migration by Caner Tekin CHAPTER 2. ‘A Forest with many trees’ - Mapping migration governance and the dispersion of authority in Europe by Lisa Marie Borrelli, Rebecca Mavin and Giorgia Trasciani CHAPTER 3. Policing Migrants in Transit and Upon Arrival: The Bordering Tactic of Integration in Austria and Germany by Olivia Johnson PART B: Regulations: Suspension of Human Rights CHAPTER 4. Borders, Exception and Sovereignty: Australia’s Migration Policies as Instruments of Suspension of (Human) Rights and (International) Obligations by Ana Carolina Macedo Abreu CHAPTER 5. Power and Sandwiched Sovereignty: Nepali Migrant Workers in the Gulf Countries by Hari KC CHAPTER 6. The Body and Embodied Experiences in the British Asylum System: Developing a Conceptual Perspective by Rebecca Mavin CHAPTER 7. Eritrean Unaccompanied Refugee Minors in The Netherlands: Wellbeing and Health by Anna de Haan, Yodit Jacob, Trudy Mooren and Winta Ghebreab PART C: Migrants, Strategies and Identities CHAPTER 8. Social Inclusion Processes for unaccompanied minors in the city of Palermo: Fostering Autonomy through a New Social Inclusion Model by Roberta Lo Bianco and Georgia Chondrou CHAPTER 9. Urban Resistances and Migrant Activism Challenging the Border Regime in Madrid City by Ana Santamarina and Almudena Cabezas CHAPTER 10. RefConnect - A Mobile Social Network for Refugees by Evdokia Kogia, Styliani Liberopoulou, Nikolaos Alamanos, Vasilis Pierros, and Christos Michalakelis CHAPTER 11. Halo-Halo, Nostalgia and Navigating Life for Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW’s) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by Simeon S. Magliveras.

Human Security in South Asia

Human Security in South Asia
Author: Adluri Subramanyam Raju
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Total Pages: 196
Release: 2019-08-29
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 1000651568

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This book delves into the theory and praxis of human security in South Asia. Home to almost a quarter of the world’s population and fast emerging markets, South Asia holds social, geopolitical and economic significance in the current global context. The chapters in the volume: examine the challenges to human security through an exploration of environmental issues including water availability, electric waste, environmental governance and climate change; explore key themes such as development, displacement and migration, the role of civil society, sustainable development and poverty; and discuss developmental issues in South Asia and provide a holistic picture of non-military security issues. Bringing together scholars from varied disciplines, this comprehensive volume will be useful for researchers, teachers and students of international relations, human rights, political science, development studies, human geography and demography, defense and strategic studies, migration and diaspora studies, and South Asian studies.

The Soils of Nepal

The Soils of Nepal
Author: Roshan Babu Ojha
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 169
Release: 2021-10-14
Genre: Nature
ISBN: 3030809994

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This book publishes consolidated information on the soils of Nepal from all possible sources. The Survey Department, Government of Nepal, conducted two national scale soil survey projects to classify soils of Nepal (Land Resource Mapping Project ended in 1985, and National Land Use Planning Project ended in 2021). Both projects adopted the United States Department of Agriculture system of soil classification. Besides, National Soil Science Research Center (previously known as Soil Science Division) of Nepal Agricultural Research Council and Soil Management Directorate, Department of Agriculture, also worked on soils of Nepal. To date, the information on the soils of Nepal is not published in well-documented form but has been reported widely as gray literature (project report or government report) or peer-review articles. 'The Soils of Nepal’ is a part of ‘World Soils Book Series’ which constitutes twelve chapters—covering broad aspects such as soil research history, climate, geology, soil classification and mapping, and soil fertility. Furthermore, information about soil properties and relation between soil constituents of the dominant soil types of Nepal and their scope of use in the context of land use are described. This book also tries to simplify the intricate relationship among soil, culture, and people. Each chapter contains a comprehensive, richly illustrated, and up-to-date overview of the soils of Nepal. We believe it fulfils a quest for a global audience including students, educators, extension workers, and soil scientists, who are interested to know the young soils of Nepal.

Migration and gender dynamics of irrigation governance in Nepal

Migration and gender dynamics of irrigation governance in Nepal
Author: Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Total Pages: 52
Release: 2021-12-01
Genre: Political Science
ISBN:

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Nepal has a long history of irrigation, including government and farmer-managed irrigation systems that are labor- and skill-intensive. Widespread male migration has important effects on Nepalese society. How institutions such as Water Users’ Associations (WUAs) respond and adapt, is therefore critical to the understanding of rural transformation and the likely impact on gender equality, food production, and rural livelihoods. This paper examines the effects of male migration on institutional change in WUAs, women’s roles, technological change, and outcomes affecting effectiveness of irrigation systems based on a mixed methods study, combining a phone survey of 336 WUA leaders from all provinces in Nepal with qualitative data from case studies in 10 irrigation systems. Results indicate WUAs have adapted rules to increase women’s participation and monetize the contributions for maintenance. Women exercise agency in whether and how to interact with WUAs. Mechanization has reduced the need for some male labor, though the ability to mechanize is limited by hilly terrain and small plot sizes. Overall, systems are adapting to male migration, with relatively low idling of land or labor shortages causing deterioration of the systems, though there are concerns with the high levels of women’s labor burdens.