Protocol

Protocol
Author: Alexander R. Galloway
Publisher: MIT Press
Total Pages: 298
Release: 2006-02-17
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 0262303639

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How Control Exists after Decentralization Is the Internet a vast arena of unrestricted communication and freely exchanged information or a regulated, highly structured virtual bureaucracy? In Protocol, Alexander Galloway argues that the founding principle of the Net is control, not freedom, and that the controlling power lies in the technical protocols that make network connections (and disconnections) possible. He does this by treating the computer as a textual medium that is based on a technological language, code. Code, he argues, can be subject to the same kind of cultural and literary analysis as any natural language; computer languages have their own syntax, grammar, communities, and cultures. Instead of relying on established theoretical approaches, Galloway finds a new way to write about digital media, drawing on his backgrounds in computer programming and critical theory. "Discipline-hopping is a necessity when it comes to complicated socio-technical topics like protocol," he writes in the preface. Galloway begins by examining the types of protocols that exist, including TCP/IP, DNS, and HTML. He then looks at examples of resistance and subversion—hackers, viruses, cyberfeminism, Internet art—which he views as emblematic of the larger transformations now taking place within digital culture. Written for a nontechnical audience, Protocol serves as a necessary counterpoint to the wildly utopian visions of the Net that were so widespread in earlier days.

Protocol Politics

Protocol Politics
Author: Laura Denardis
Publisher: MIT Press
Total Pages: 283
Release: 2009-07-31
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 0262258153

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What are the global implications of the looming shortage of Internet addresses and the slow deployment of the new IPv6 protocol designed to solve this problem? The Internet has reached a critical point. The world is running out of Internet addresses. There is a finite supply of approximately 4.3 billion Internet Protocol (IP) addresses—the unique binary numbers required for every exchange of information over the Internet—within the Internet's prevailing technical architecture (IPv4). In the 1990s the Internet standards community selected a new protocol (IPv6) that would expand the number of Internet addresses exponentially—to 340 undecillion addresses. Despite a decade of predictions about imminent global conversion, IPv6 adoption has barely begun. Protocol Politics examines what's at stake politically, economically, and technically in the selection and adoption of a new Internet protocol. Laura DeNardis's key insight is that protocols are political. IPv6 intersects with provocative topics including Internet civil liberties, US military objectives, globalization, institutional power struggles, and the promise of global democratic freedoms. DeNardis offers recommendations for Internet standards governance, based not only on technical concerns but on principles of openness and transparency, and examines the global implications of looming Internet address scarcity versus the slow deployment of the new protocol designed to solve this problem.

Protocol

Protocol
Author: Capricia Penavic Marshall
Publisher: Ecco
Total Pages: 336
Release: 2020-06-23
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 9780062844460

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President Obama's former White House chief of protocol looks at why etiquette and diplomacy matter--and what they can do for you. History often appears to consist of big gestures and dramatic shifts. But for every peace treaty signed, someone set the stage and provided the pen. As social secretary to the Clintons for eight years, and more recently as chief of protocol under President Obama, Capricia Penavic Marshall has not just borne witness to history, she facilitated it. For Marshall, diplomacy runs on the invisible gesture: the micro moves that affect the macro shifts. Facilitation is power, and, more often than not, it is the key to effective diplomacy. In Protocol, Marshall draws on her experience working at the highest levels of government to show how she enabled interactions and maximized our country's relationships, all by focusing on the specifics of political, diplomatic, and cultural etiquette. By analyzing the lessons she's learned in more than two decades of welcoming world leaders to the United States and traveling abroad with presidents, first ladies, and secretaries of state, she demonstrates the complexity of human interactions and celebrates the power of detail and cultural IQ. From selecting the ideal room for each interaction to recognizing gestures and actions that might be viewed as controversial in other countries, Marshall brings us a master class in soft power. Protocol provides an unvarnished, behind-the-scenes look at politics and diplomacy from a unique perspective that also serves as an effective, accessible guide for anyone who wants to be empowered by the tools of diplomacy in work and everyday life.

Carbon Politics and the Failure of the Kyoto Protocol

Carbon Politics and the Failure of the Kyoto Protocol
Author: Gerald Kutney
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 248
Release: 2014-02-03
Genre: Nature
ISBN: 131791466X

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Carbon Politics and the Failure of Kyoto charts the framework and political evolution of the Kyoto Protocol negotiations and examines the ensuing failure of the international community to adequately address climate change. The focus is not on the science or consequences of climate change but on the political gamesmanship of the major players throughout the UNFCCC negotiation process. More than an updated history of the subject matter, this book provides a detailed study of the carbon targets which became the biggest influencing factor on the reaction of nations to Kyoto’s binding agreements. The book provides an in-depth analysis of the leading nations’ motives, including the US, China and Germany, in entering the negotiations, in particular, their economic interests. Despite the effort to combat climate change in politics that the negotiations represent, the book concludes that an agreement which requires almost 200 very different nations to agree on a single protocol is doomed to failure. The book offers a novel contribution to our understanding of this failure and suggests alternative frameworks and policies to tackle what is arguably the most complex political issue of our time.

Earthly Politics

Earthly Politics
Author: Sheila Jasanoff
Publisher: MIT Press
Total Pages: 372
Release: 2004-03-19
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 9780262600590

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Globalization today is as much a problem for international harmony as it is a necessary condition of living together on our planet. Increasing interconnectedness in ecology, economy, technology, and politics has brought nations and societies into even closer contact, creating acute demands for cooperation. Earthly Politics argues that in the coming decades global governance will have to accommodate differences even as it obliterates distance, and will have to respect many aspects of the local while developing institutions that transcend localism. This book analyzes a variety of environmental-governance approaches that balance the local and the global in order to encourage new, more flexible frameworks of global governance. On the theoretical level, it draws on insights from the field of science and technology studies to enrich our understanding of environmental-development politics. On the pragmatic level, it discusses the design of institutions and processes to address problems of environmental governance that increasingly refuse to remain within national boundaries. The cases in the book display the crucial relationship between knowledge and power—the links between the ways we understand environmental problems and the ways we manage them—and illustrate the different paths by which knowledge-power formations are arrived at, contested, defended, or set aside. By examining how local and global actors ranging from the World Bank to the Makah tribe in the Pacific Northwest respond to the contradictions of globalization, the authors identify some of the conditions for creating more effective engagement between the global and the local in environmental governance.

Opening Standards

Opening Standards
Author: Laura DeNardis
Publisher: MIT Press
Total Pages: 272
Release: 2011
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 0262016028

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The economic and political stakes in the current heated debates over "openness" and open standards in the Internet's architecture.

The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion

The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion
Author: Sergei Nilus
Publisher:
Total Pages: 96
Release: 2019-02-26
Genre: Body, Mind & Spirit
ISBN: 9781947844964

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"The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" is almost certainly fiction, but its impact was not. Originating in Russia, it landed in the English-speaking world where it caused great consternation. Much is made of German anti-semitism, but there was fertile soil for "The Protocols" across Europe and even in America, thanks to Henry Ford and others.

Carbon Politics and the Failure of the Kyoto Protocol

Carbon Politics and the Failure of the Kyoto Protocol
Author: Gerald Kutney
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 170
Release: 2014-02-03
Genre: Nature
ISBN: 1317914651

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Carbon Politics and the Failure of Kyoto charts the framework and political evolution of the Kyoto Protocol negotiations and examines the ensuing failure of the international community to adequately address climate change. The focus is not on the science or consequences of climate change but on the political gamesmanship of the major players throughout the UNFCCC negotiation process. More than an updated history of the subject matter, this book provides a detailed study of the carbon targets which became the biggest influencing factor on the reaction of nations to Kyoto’s binding agreements. The book provides an in-depth analysis of the leading nations’ motives, including the US, China and Germany, in entering the negotiations, in particular, their economic interests. Despite the effort to combat climate change in politics that the negotiations represent, the book concludes that an agreement which requires almost 200 very different nations to agree on a single protocol is doomed to failure. The book offers a novel contribution to our understanding of this failure and suggests alternative frameworks and policies to tackle what is arguably the most complex political issue of our time.

Protocols as a Tool for Government

Protocols as a Tool for Government
Author: Enrico Gargiulo
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2023
Genre:
ISBN: 9783031247286

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This book provides a genealogy of the concept of 'protocol' in government. It examines the functions that different protocols play in the contemporary world, and how they act as devices which regulate delicate and strategic fields of politics and society. The book opens by assessing the historical origins of the word 'protocol', proposes a typology of protocols, and highlights the three main actions of these devices: formalising, standardising, and certifying. It then stresses the ways in which protocols are employed as governing devices, their use as policy instruments, and their role within capitalism. The book concludes by analysing protocol as a method for managing various aspects of social life. The politics of protocols and the dilemmas they present, especially within crisis and emergency scenarios, are also discussed. The book will appeal to scholars and students of public policy, sociology, political philosophy and the theory of law. Enrico Gargiulo is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Bologna, Italy. His publications include Invisible Borders: Administrative Barriers and Citizenship in the Italian Municipalities (2021), as well as works on citizenship, registration and identification, demographic devices, population enactment, administrative discretion, security and police forces.

Minitel

Minitel
Author: Julien Mailland
Publisher: MIT Press
Total Pages: 238
Release: 2017-06-23
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 0262036223

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The first scholarly book in English on Minitel, the pioneering French computer network, offers a history of a technical system and a cultural phenomenon. A decade before the Internet became a medium for the masses in the United States, tens of millions of users in France had access to a network for e-mail, e-commerce, chat, research, game playing, blogging, and even an early form of online porn. In 1983, the French government rolled out Minitel, a computer network that achieved widespread adoption in just a few years as the government distributed free terminals to every French telephone subscriber. With this volume, Julien Mailland and Kevin Driscoll offer the first scholarly book in English on Minitel, examining it as both a technical system and a cultural phenomenon. Mailland and Driscoll argue that Minitel was a technical marvel, a commercial success, and an ambitious social experiment. Other early networks may have introduced protocols and software standards that continue to be used today, but Minitel foretold the social effects of widespread telecomputing. They examine the unique balance of forces that enabled the growth of Minitel: public and private, open and closed, centralized and decentralized. Mailland and Driscoll describe Minitel's key technological components, novel online services, and thriving virtual communities. Despite the seemingly tight grip of the state, however, a lively Minitel culture emerged, characterized by spontaneity, imagination, and creativity. After three decades of continuous service, Minitel was shut down in 2012, but the history of Minitel should continue to inform our thinking about Internet policy, today and into the future.