To respond to Congress' interest in student outcomes at different types of schools, this report addresses the following questions: (1) What does research show about graduation rates, employment outcomes, student loan debts, and default rates for students at for-profit schools compared to those at nonprofit and public schools, taking differences in student characteristics into account?; and (2) How do pass rates on licensing exams for selected occupations compare among graduates of for-profit, nonprofit, and public schools? This study found a relatively small number of studies that compared student outcomes across sectors and accounted for differences in student characteristics. This body of research also has certain limitations. For example, while the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS) has some of the best available data on outcomes and student characteristics, it does not represent the experience of more recent students. Because the most recent cohort of students started during the 2003-2004 school year, BPS does not include outcomes for students who enrolled more recently. Further, while two studies in this review conducted regression analyses that account for multiple student characteristics simultaneously (which allows for a more rigorous comparison), other studies analyzed subgroups of students, accounting for a single characteristic at a time. Despite these limitations, the author and his colleagues believe that the studies included in this review provide insight on the comparative outcomes of students attending different types of schools. Appended are: (1) Scope and Methodology; (2) List of Studies and Ongoing Research Included in Our Literature Review; (3) Detailed Analysis of Licensing Exam Pass Rates; (4) Briefing Slides; and (5) GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments. (Contains 25 tables, 9 figures and 45 footnotes.).