Phase Locked Loop Design as a Frequency Multiplier

Phase Locked Loop Design as a Frequency Multiplier
Author: George Tom Varghese
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2012-10
Genre:
ISBN: 9783659249532

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High-performance digital systems use clocks to sequence operations and synchronize between functional units and between ICs. Clock frequencies and data rates have been increasing with each generation of processing technology and processor architecture. Phase locked-loops (PLLs) are widely used to generate well-timed on-chip clocks in high-performance digital systems. A PLL is a closed loop frequency system that locks the phase of an output signal to an input reference signal. PLL's are widely used in computer, radio, and telecommunications systems where it is necessary to stabilize a generated signal or to detect signals. The term "lock" refers to a constant or zero phase difference between two signals. The signal from the feedback path is compared to the input reference signal, until the two signals are locked. If the phase is unmatched, this is called the unlocked state, and the signal is sent to each component in the loop to correct the phase difference. These components consist of the Phase Frequency Detector (PFD), the charge pump (CP), the low pass filter (LPF), the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and divide by counter. The PFD detects any phase differences in and and then generates an error signal. According to that error signal the CP either increases or decreases the amount of charge to the LPF. This amount of charge either speeds up or slows down the VCO. The loop continues in this process until the phase difference between and is zero or constant--this is the locked mode. After the loop has attained a locked status, the loop still continues in the process but the output of each component is constant. The output signal has the same phase and/or frequency as .A divider can be used in the feedback path to synthesize a frequency different than that of the reference signal. The application I chose in designing the PLL was a frequency synthesizer. A frequency synthesizer generates a frequency that can have a different frequency from the original reference si.

A 26 GHz Phase-locked Loop Frequency Multiplier in 0.18-um CMOS

A 26 GHz Phase-locked Loop Frequency Multiplier in 0.18-um CMOS
Author: John Patten Carr
Publisher:
Total Pages: 398
Release: 2009
Genre:
ISBN:

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This thesis presents the analysis, design and characterization of an integrated high-frequency phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency multiplier. The frequency multiplier is novel in its use of a low multiplication factor of 4 and a fully differential topology for rejection of common mode interference signals. The PLL is composed of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) for the first divide-by-two stage, a static master-slave flip-flop (MSFF) divider for the second divide-by-two stage and a Gilbert cell mixer phase detector (PD). The circuit has been fabricated using a standard CMOS 0.18-um process based on its relatively low cost and ready availability. The PLL frequency multiplier generates an output signal at 26 GHz and is the highest operational frequency PLL in the technology node reported to date. Time domain phase plane analysis is used for prediction of PLL locking range based on initial conditions of phase and frequency offsets. Tracking range of the PLL is limited by the inherent narrow locking range of the ILFD, and is confirmed via experimental results. The performance benefits of the fully differential PLL are experimentally confirmed by the injection of differential- and common-mode interfering signals at the VCO control lines. A comparison of the common- and differential-mode modulation indices reveals that a common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of greater than 20 dB is possible for carrier offset frequencies of less than 1 MHz. Closed-loop frequency domain transfer functions are used for prediction of the PLL phase noise response, with the PLL being dominated by the reference and VCO phase noise contributions. Regions of dominant phase noise contributions are presented and correlated to the overall PLL phase noise performance. Experimental verifications display good agreement and confirm the usefulness of the techniques for PLL performance prediction. The PLL clock multiplier has an operational output frequency of 26.204 to 26.796 GHz and a maximum output frequency step of 16 MHz. Measured phase noise at 1 MHz offset from the carrier is -103.9 dBc/Hz. The PLL clock multiplier core circuit (VCO/ILFD/MSFF Divider/PD) consumes 186 mW of combined power from 2.8 and 4.3 V DC rails.

Phase Locked Loops 6/e

Phase Locked Loops 6/e
Author: Roland E. Best
Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional
Total Pages: 506
Release: 2007-08-13
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 007159521X

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The Definitive Introduction to Phase-Locked Loops, Complete with Software for Designing Wireless Circuits! The Sixth Edition of Roland Best's classic Phase-Locked Loops has been updated to equip you with today's definitive introduction to PLL design, complete with powerful PLL design and simulation software written by the author. Filled with all the latest PLL advances, this celebrated sourcebook now includes new chapters on frequency synthesis...CAD for PLLs...mixed-signal PLLs...all-digital PLLs...and software PLLs_plus a new collection of sample communications applications. An essential tool for achieving cutting-edge PLL design, the Sixth Edition of Phase-Locked Loops features: A wealth of easy-to-use methods for designing phase-locked loops Over 200 detailed illustrations New to this edition: new chapters on frequency synthesis, including fractional-N PLL frequency synthesizers using sigma-delta modulators; CAD for PLLs, mixed-signal PLLs, all-digital PLLs, and software PLLs; new PLL communications applications, including an overview on digital modulation techniques Inside this Updated PLL Design Guide • Introduction to PLLs • Mixed-Signal PLL Components • Mixed-Signal PLL Analysis • PLL Performance in the Presence of Noise • Design Procedure for Mixed-Signal PLLs • Mixed-Signal PLL Applications • Higher Order Loops • CAD and Simulation of Mixed-Signal PLLs • All-Digital PLLs (ADPLLs) • CAD and Simulation of ADPLLs • The Software PLL (SPLL) • The PLL in Communications • State-of-the-Art Commercial PLL Integrated Circuits • Appendices: The Pull-In Process • The Laplace Transform • Digital Filter Basics • Measuring PLL Parameters

Frequency Acquisition Techniques for Phase Locked Loops

Frequency Acquisition Techniques for Phase Locked Loops
Author: Daniel B. Talbot
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 236
Release: 2012-08-24
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1118383303

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How to acquire the input frequency from an unlocked state A phase locked loop (PLL) by itself cannot become useful until it has acquired the applied signal's frequency. Often, a PLL will never reach frequency acquisition (capture) without explicit assistive circuits. Curiously, few books on PLLs treat the topic of frequency acquisition in any depth or detail. Frequency Acquisition Techniques for Phase Locked Loops offers a no-nonsense treatment that is equally useful for engineers, technicians, and managers. Since mathematical rigor for its own sake can degenerate into intellectual "rigor mortis," the author introduces readers to the basics and delivers useful information with clear language and minimal mathematics. With most of the approaches having been developed through years of experience, this completely practical guide explores methods for achieving the locked state in a variety of conditions as it examines: Performance limitations of phase/frequency detector–based phase locked loops The quadricorrelator method for both continuous and sampled modes Sawtooth ramp-and-sample phase detector and how its waveform contains frequency error information that can be extracted The benefits of a self-sweeping, self-extinguishing topology Sweep methods using quadrature mixer-based lock detection The use of digital implementations versus analog Frequency Acquisition Techniques for Phase Locked Loops is an important resource for RF/microwave engineers, in particular, circuit designers; practicing electronics engineers involved in frequency synthesis, phase locked loops, carrier or clock recovery loops, radio-frequency integrated circuit design, and aerospace electronics; and managers wanting to understand the technology of phase locked loops and frequency acquisition assistance techniques or jitter attenuating loops. Errata can be found by visiting the Book Support Site at: http://booksupport.wiley.com

Phase-locked Loops

Phase-locked Loops
Author: Paul V. Brennan
Publisher:
Total Pages: 232
Release: 1996
Genre: Demodulation (Electronics)
ISBN:

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Written from an engineering viewpoint, this book is a concise guide to the theory and design of phase-locked loop circuits. It includes novel techniques and analytical treatments as well as worked examples.

Design of CMOS Phase-Locked Loops

Design of CMOS Phase-Locked Loops
Author: Behzad Razavi
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 509
Release: 2020-01-30
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1108788173

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Using a modern, pedagogical approach, this textbook gives students and engineers a comprehensive and rigorous knowledge of CMOS phase-locked loop (PLL) design for a wide range of applications. It features intuitive presentation of theoretical concepts, built up gradually from their simplest form to more practical systems; broad coverage of key topics, including oscillators, phase noise, analog PLLs, digital PLLs, RF synthesizers, delay-locked loops, clock and data recovery circuits, and frequency dividers; tutorial chapters on high-performance oscillator design, covering fundamentals to advanced topologies; and extensive use of circuit simulations to teach design mentality, highlight design flaws, and connect theory with practice. Including over 200 thought-provoking examples highlighting best practices and common pitfalls, 250 end-of-chapter homework problems to test and enhance the readers' understanding, and solutions and lecture slides for instructors, this is the perfect text for senior undergraduate and graduate-level students and professional engineers who want an in-depth understanding of PLL design.

Phase-locked Loops

Phase-locked Loops
Author: Roland E. Best
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Companies
Total Pages: 396
Release: 1993
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN:

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Unique book/disk set that makes PLL circuit design easier than ever. Table of Contents: PLL Fundamentals; Classification of PLL Types; The Linear PLL (LPLL); The Classical Digital PLL (DPLL); The All-Digital PLL (ADPLL); The Software PLL (SPLL); State Of The Art of Commercial PLL Integrated Circuits; Appendices; Index. Includes a 5 1/4" disk. 100 illustrations.

Monolithic Phase-Locked Loops and Clock Recovery Circuits

Monolithic Phase-Locked Loops and Clock Recovery Circuits
Author: Behzad Razavi
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 516
Release: 1996-04-18
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 9780780311497

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Featuring an extensive 40 page tutorial introduction, this carefully compiled anthology of 65 of the most important papers on phase-locked loops and clock recovery circuits brings you comprehensive coverage of the field-all in one self-contained volume. You'll gain an understanding of the analysis, design, simulation, and implementation of phase-locked loops and clock recovery circuits in CMOS and bipolar technologies along with valuable insights into the issues and trade-offs associated with phase locked systems for high speed, low power, and low noise.