Performance Enhancement of Space-time Adaptive Processing for GPS and Microstrip Antenna Design Using Ferrite Rings

Performance Enhancement of Space-time Adaptive Processing for GPS and Microstrip Antenna Design Using Ferrite Rings
Author: Alix Rivera-Albino
Publisher:
Total Pages: 110
Release: 2013
Genre: Electromagnetism
ISBN:

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Global Positioning System (GPS) is a navigation system widely used in civilian and military application, but its accuracy is highly impacted with consequential fading, and possible loss of communication due to multipath propagation and high power interferences. This dissertation proposes alternatives to improve the performance of the GPS receivers to obtain a system that can be reliable in critical situations. The basic performance of the GPS receiver consists of receiving the signal with an antenna array, delaying the signal at each antenna element, weighting the delayed replicas, and finally, combining the weighted replicas to estimate the desired signal. Based on these, three modifications are proposed to improve the performance of the system. The first proposed modification is the use of the Least Mean Squares (LMS) algorithm with two variations to decrease the convergence time of the classic LMS while achieving good system stability. The results obtained by the proposed LMS demonstrate that the algorithm can achieve the same stability as the classic LMS using a small step size, and its convergence rate is better than the classic LMS using a large step size. The second proposed modification is to replace the uniform distribution of the time delays (or taps) by an exponential distribution that decreases the bit-error rate (BER) of the system without impacting the computational efficiency of the uniform taps. The results show that, for a BER of 0.001, the system can operate with a 1 to 2 dB lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when an exponential distribution is used rather than a uniform distribution. Finally, the third modification is implemented in the design of the antenna array. In this case, the gain of each microstrip element is enhanced by embedding ferrite rings in the substrate, creating a hybrid substrate. The ferrite rings generates constructive interference between the incident and reflected fields; consequently, the gain of a single microstrip element is enhanced by up to 4 dB. When hybrid substrates are used in microstrip element arrays, a significant enhancement in angle range is achieved for a given reflection coefficient compared to using a conventional substrate.

Performance Analysis of Space-time Adaptive Antenna Electronics for Time-of-arrival Estimation

Performance Analysis of Space-time Adaptive Antenna Electronics for Time-of-arrival Estimation
Author: Andrew O'Brien
Publisher:
Total Pages: 154
Release: 2007
Genre: Antenna arrays
ISBN:

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Abstract: Antenna arrays with adaptive signal processing are commonly utilized to allow the reception of signals in harsh interference environments. Modern interference suppression typically involves the use of space-time adaptive processing (STAP). The primary applications of STAP have been radar and communications systems, where interference suppression performance is commonly optimized for output signal-to-noise ratio (SINR); however, there is increasing demand for STAP in time-of-arrival estimation applications, such as geolocation. Since output SINR is an inadequate indication of TOA estimation performance, reconsideration of STAP for these applications is required. It is understood that TOA estimation variance is primarily dependent on post-correlation carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N). Consequently, the present work develops a novel STAP algorithm which maximizes C/N. The distinction between SINR and C/N will be established, and a performance analysis of the common STAP methods will be performed in the context of this new algorithm. Additionally, the analysis is extended to the TOA estimation variance. It will be demonstrated that optimal STAP systems for TOA estimation follow from the optimal C/N algorithm. In the end, this contributes not only useful performance bounds, but insight into the proper design of STAP systems specifically for TOA estimation applications.

Increasing Secondary Data Or Enhanced Adaptive Displaced Phase Centered Antenna Approaches

Increasing Secondary Data Or Enhanced Adaptive Displaced Phase Centered Antenna Approaches
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages: 55
Release: 2001
Genre:
ISBN:

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A study of space-time adaptive processing in nonhomogeneous environments is presented. The results produced are logically organized as investigations into three different but related topics. The first topic can be summarized as an investigation of the performance of partially adaptive space-time adaptive processing schemes using measured (MCARM) data. The second topic considers the development of a new set of space-time processing algorithms, which use prior knowledge to reduce the number of parameters, which need to be adapted. The new schemes were tested using MCARM data. The final topic provides analytical realistic cases where the reference or training data may have different statistics from the data in the cell under test. Such equations have not yet appeared in the literature and they are useful for understanding the performance of space-time adaptive processing (STAP) schemes when they are tested with MCARM data.

Frequency Selective Surfaces based High Performance Microstrip Antenna

Frequency Selective Surfaces based High Performance Microstrip Antenna
Author: Shiv Narayan
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 62
Release: 2015-09-24
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 9812877754

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This book focuses on performance enhancement of printed antennas using frequency selective surfaces (FSS) technology. The growing demand of stealth technology in strategic areas requires high-performance low-RCS (radar cross section) antennas. Such requirements may be accomplished by incorporating FSS into the antenna structure either in its ground plane or as the superstrate, due to the filter characteristics of FSS structure. In view of this, a novel approach based on FSS technology is presented in this book to enhance the performance of printed antennas including out-of-band structural RCS reduction. In this endeavor, the EM design of microstrip patch antennas (MPA) loaded with FSS-based (i) high impedance surface (HIS) ground plane, and (ii) the superstrates are discussed in detail. The EM analysis of proposed FSS-based antenna structures have been carried out using transmission line analogy, in combination with the reciprocity theorem. Further, various types of novel FSS structures are considered in designing the HIS ground plane and superstrate for enhancing the MPA bandwidth and directivity. The EM design and performance analyses of FSS-based antennas are explained here with the appropriate expressions and illustrations.

Increasing Secondary Data Or Enhanced Adaptive Displaced Phase Centered Antenna Approaches. Volume I.

Increasing Secondary Data Or Enhanced Adaptive Displaced Phase Centered Antenna Approaches. Volume I.
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2001
Genre:
ISBN:

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A study of space-time adaptive processing in nonhomogeneous environments is presented. The results produced are logically organized as investigations into three different but related topics. The first topic can be summarized as an investigation of the performance of partially adaptive space-time adaptive processing schemes using measured (MCARM) data. The second topic considers the development of a new set of space-time processing algorithms, which use prior knowledge to reduce the number of parameters, which need to be adapted. The new schemes were tested using MCARM data. The final topic provides analytical realistic cases where the reference or training data may have different statistics from the data in the cell under test. Such equations have not yet appeared in the literature and they are useful for understanding the performance of space-time adaptive processing (STAP) schemes when they are tested with MCARM data.

Effects of Antenna Mutual Coupling in Space-Time Adaptive Processing (STAP).

Effects of Antenna Mutual Coupling in Space-Time Adaptive Processing (STAP).
Author: Braham Himed
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 1998
Genre: Algorithms
ISBN:

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This report considers the impact of antenna mutual coupling on adaptive phased array radar signal processing. First, the impedance matrix is developed via the method of moments and utilized in an airborne phased array radar data generation code. Next, the effect of mutual coupling on the true and estimated covariance matrices is considered. Finally, performance results are considered for a space-time adaptive processing algorithm in terms of probability of detection as well as plots of the test statistics versus angle-doppler.

Effects of Antenna Mutual Coupling in Space-time Adaptive Processing (STAP)

Effects of Antenna Mutual Coupling in Space-time Adaptive Processing (STAP)
Author: Braham Himed
Publisher:
Total Pages: 36
Release: 1998
Genre: Computer algorithms
ISBN:

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This report considers the impact of antenna mutual coupling on adaptive phased array radar signal processing. First, the impedance matrix is developed via the method of moments and utilized in an airborne phased array radar data generation code. Next, the effect of mutual coupling on the true and estimated covariance matrices is considered. Finally, performance results are considered for a space-time adaptive processing algorithm in terms of probability of detection as well as plots of the test statistics versus angle-doppler.

Antenna Array Processing in Wireless Communications and Radar Systems

Antenna Array Processing in Wireless Communications and Radar Systems
Author: Xiaotong Lin
Publisher:
Total Pages: 296
Release: 2000
Genre: Antenna arrays
ISBN:

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Antenna arrays have shown great promise for improving performance in wireless communication and radar systems. In this dissertation, new approaches and design algorithms are suggested for producing antenna array signal processing schemes that achieve improved performance. First, a modified space-time adaptive processing (STAP) scheme is proposed for airborne radar signal detection. A simple model for ground clutter is used to aid the estimation of the covariance matrix in a nonhomogeneous environment. The resulting algorithm provides good performance without much training data. Next, distributed detection of a known signal in t-distributed noise is studied for cases where the observations are correlated from sensor to sensor. A Gauss-Seidel algorithm which attempts to minimize the Bayes risk is used to obtain the optimum decision rules. It is shown that the optimum sensor decision rules can be predicted in a simple way based on the problem's parameters. Finally the exploitation of transmit diversity and receive diversity in wireless communications is considered by using space-time codes. Systematic code search procedures with low complexity are proposed for space-time codes employing multiple trellis coded modulation (MTCM). MTCM is shown to be necessary for achieving maximum transmit diversity gain when trellis codes with parallel paths are used. By properly labeling the trellis branches, it is demonstrated that the overall coding gain can be made larger than that achieved by conventional space-time codes with the same throughput and the same number of states. A new family of space-time codes is proposed using a serial concatenation structure. An interleaver is embedded between the inner code and the outer code. Analysis shows that by using this structure, both diversity gain and interleaving gain can be achieved for system performance improvement.

Terahertz Planar Antennas for Next Generation Communication

Terahertz Planar Antennas for Next Generation Communication
Author: Kumud Ranjan Jha
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 221
Release: 2014-01-10
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 3319023411

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This book describes various methods to enhance the directivity of planar antennas, enabling the next generation of high frequency, wireless communication. The authors discuss various applications to the terahertz regime of the electromagnetic spectrum, with an emphasis on gain enhancement mechanisms. The numerical models of these antennas are presented and the analytical results are supported, using commercial simulators. The multilayer substrate microstrip transmission line at terahertz frequency is also explored and a method to obtain the various parameters of this interconnect at high frequency is described. This book will be a valuable resource for anyone needing to explore the terahertz band gap for future wireless communication, in an effort to solve the bandwidth (spectrum scarcity) problem.

Microstrip Patch Antennas

Microstrip Patch Antennas
Author: Kai Fong Lee
Publisher: World Scientific
Total Pages: 544
Release: 2010-09-03
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1911299425

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Microstrip patch antennas have become the favorite of antenna designers because of its versatility and advantages of planar profile, ease of fabrication, compatibility with integrated circuit technology, and conformability with a shaped surface. As there is currently an urgent need for graduate students and practicing engineers to gain an in-depth understanding of this subject, this book was written with this purpose in mind.The authors are IEEE Fellows who have made significant contributions to their fields of expertise. Professor K F Lee was the recipient of the 2009 John Kraus Antenna Award of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society. /a