This broad-ranging and timely study analyzes and evaluates the effectiveness of U.S. export controls in delaying the acquisition of militarily sensitive high technology by the former USSR and its allied states. In addition, the question of whether or not U.S. economic competitiveness in various high-technology sectors has been unduly undermined by export controls is also evaluated. Numerous official government studies and reports, supplemented by a host of interviews with government officials, businesspeople, and analysts in the U.S. and Europe are utilized in drawing conclusions and posting policy recommendations.