Academic Paper from the year 2023 in the subject Medicine - Pharmacology, Pharmacy, , course: M.Pharmacy, language: English, abstract: Ocular drug delivery plays a vital role in the treatment of various eye diseases and conditions. The unique anatomical and physiological characteristics of the eye pose significant challenges for effective drug delivery. Over the years, extensive research efforts have been dedicated to developing innovative strategies and formulations to overcome these challenges and improve therapeutic outcomes. This review provides an overview of recent advances in ocular drug delivery, highlighting the key challenges faced and discussing the potential future directions in this field. The first section of the review focuses on the barriers to ocular drug delivery, including the tear film, cornea, conjunctiva, and blood-ocular barriers. These barriers limit the bioavailability and efficacy of drugs administered to the eye. Strategies to bypass or overcome these barriers, such as the use of penetration enhancers, nanoparticles, and prodrug approaches, are discussed. The second section explores various ocular drug delivery systems, including eye drops, ophthalmic gels, ocular inserts, and contact lens-based delivery systems. Each system is examined in terms of its advantages, limitations, and recent advancements. Special attention is given to sustained drug release systems that aim to prolong drug residence time on the ocular surface and improve patient compliance. Next, the review delves into the role of nanotechnology in ocular drug delivery. Nanoparticles, liposomes, and nanomicelles have shown promise in improving drug solubility, stability, and ocular bioavailability. The use of novel nanomaterials and their surface modifications for targeted drug delivery to specific ocular tissues is also discussed. Furthermore, the review highlights emerging techniques in ocular drug delivery, such as microneedles, hydrogels, and gene therapy-based approaches. These technologies offer exciting prospects for precise and personalized treatment of ocular diseases. Finally, the review concludes by discussing the regulatory considerations, safety aspects, and clinical translation of ocular drug delivery systems. The importance of collaboration between researchers, clinicians, and regulatory bodies in advancing this field is emphasized.