Neuronal and Synaptic Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability

Neuronal and Synaptic Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability
Author: Carlo Sala
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 396
Release: 2016-04-30
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 0128005335

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Neuronal and Synaptic Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability provides the latest information on Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), the lifelong neurodevelopmental disorders that present in early childhood and affect how individuals communicate and relate to others and their surroundings. In addition, three quarters of ASD patients also manifest severe intellectual disability. Though certain genes have been implicated, ASDs remain largely a mystery, and research looking into causes and cellular deficits are crucial for better understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders. Despite the prevalence and insidious nature of this disorder, this book remains to be an extensive resource of information and background on the state of current research in the field. The book serves as a reference for this purpose, and discusses the crucial role synaptic activity plays in proper brain function. In addition, the volume discusses the neurodevelopmental synaptopathies and serves as a resource for scientists and clinicians in all biomedical science specialties. This research has been crucial for recent studies that have provided a rationale for the development of pharmacological agents able to counteract functional synaptic anomalies and potentially ameliorate some ASD symptoms. Introduces the genetic and non-genetic causes of autism and associated intellectual disabilities Describes the genes implicated in autistic spectrum disorders and their function Considers major individual genetic causes of autism, Rett syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and other autism spectrum disorders, as well as their classification as synaptopathies Presents a thorough discussion of the clinical aspects of multiple neurodevelopmental disorders and the experimental models that exist to study their pathophysiology in vitro and in vivo, including animal models and patient-derived stem cell culture

A Time for Metabolism and Hormones

A Time for Metabolism and Hormones
Author: Paolo Sassone-Corsi
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 141
Release: 2016-04-04
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 3319270699

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Recent years have seen spectacular advances in the field of circadian biology. These have attracted the interest of researchers in many fields, including endocrinology, neurosciences, cancer, and behavior. By integrating a circadian view within the fields of endocrinology and metabolism, researchers will be able to reveal many, yet-unsuspected aspects of how organisms cope with changes in the environment and subsequent control of homeostasis. This field is opening new avenues in our understanding of metabolism and endocrinology. A panel of the most distinguished investigators in the field gathered together to discuss the present state and the future of the field. The editors trust that this volume will be of use to those colleagues who will be picking up the challenge to unravel how the circadian clock can be targeted for the future development of specific pharmacological strategies toward a number of pathologies.

Neural and Synaptic Defects in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Neural and Synaptic Defects in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Author: Hansen Wang
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Total Pages: 287
Release: 2015-07-07
Genre: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
ISBN: 2889196283

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Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired reciprocal social interactions and communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors and interests. Studies in genetics, neurobiology and systems biology are providing insights into the pathogenesis of ASDs. Investigation of neural and synaptic defects in ASDs not only sheds light on the molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern the function of the central nervous system, but may lead to the discovery of potential therapeutic targets for autism and other cognitive disorders. Our Research Topic which constitutes this e-book documents the recent development and ideas in the study of pathogenesis and treatment of ASDs, with an emphasis on syndromic disorders such as fragile X and Rett syndromes. In addition, model systems and methodological approaches with translational relevance to autism are covered herein. We hope that the Research Topic will enhance the global knowledge base in the autism research community and foster new research directions in autism related biology.

Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism Spectrum Disorders
Author: Andreas M. Grabrucker
Publisher:
Total Pages: 117
Release: 2021
Genre:
ISBN:

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Autism spectrum disorders are developmental disorders. Individuals with autism spectrum disorders develop differently. These differences are usually present in social interaction, communication, and sensory processing, and become visible through a wide variety of behavioral responses that differ from individuals without autism spectrum disorders. Despite significant research efforts, the exact causes of autism spectrum disorders remain poorly understood; however, researchers have gained extensive insights into possible pathomechanisms, even at the molecular level of cells. Many diagnostic criteria have been developed, adapted, and improved. The eight chapters in this book highlight the current state-of-the-art in many areas of autism spectrum disorders. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders and the current knowledge of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Chapter 2 summarizes the diagnostic criteria and procedures and highlights present and upcoming therapeutic strategies. Chapter 3 reviews the adverse events and trauma in people with autism spectrum disorders. Chapters 4 and 5 focus on atypical sensory processing, and Chapter 6 discusses the genetic overlap of autism spectrum disorders with other neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, and schizophrenia. Chapter 7 focuses on the contribution of abnormalities in mitochondria, and chapter 8 discusses gut-brain interactions and a potential role for microbiota in autism spectrum disorders. This book is aimed primarily at clinicians and scientists, but many areas will also be of interest to the layperson.

Cognitive Plasticity in Neurologic Disorders

Cognitive Plasticity in Neurologic Disorders
Author: Joseph I. Tracy
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Total Pages: 433
Release: 2014-12-02
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 0199965242

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This volume makes clear that the cognitive and behavioural symptoms of neurologic disorders and syndromes are dynamic and changing. Each chapter describes the neuroplastic processes at work in a particular condition, giving rise to these ongoing cognitive changes.

Functional Characterization of Altered Neurodevelopmental Mechanisms in Autism Using Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Functional Characterization of Altered Neurodevelopmental Mechanisms in Autism Using Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Author: Brooke A DeRosa
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2015
Genre:
ISBN:

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To date, numerous candidate genes have been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with many of these genes known to have important roles in synaptic function and the development of neural circuits. This suggests that certain neurobiological processes could be commonly altered in ASD. Therefore, although there is a great deal of clinical and genetic heterogeneity in ASDs, there may be convergent deficits in key molecular mechanisms which underlie the disease. Although this is encouraging, a lack of appropriate human-based models of complex neurodevelopmental disorders has greatly hindered investigations of convergent neurobiology in ASD. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be used to model brain region-specific neuronal development in genetic backgrounds known to result in certain pathological conditions. This ability to model neurodevelopment in vitro permits the characterization of disease mechanisms that manifest themselves during the early steps of brain development in ASD, facilitating the identification of common molecular mechanisms disrupted in this disorder. Importantly, the identification of common pathways in ASD that are disrupted in the early stages of disease development could serve as important candidate targets for therapeutic intervention. Patient-specific iPSC lines were derived from the whole blood of individuals affected with idiopathic ASD, and subsequently differentiated into cortical neurons for up to 135 days in culture. The findings of transcriptome and gene network analysis indicate that iPSC-derived neurons from our cohort of ASD individuals have altered expression of genes associated with synaptic function, Wnt signaling, neuronal differentiation, and various processes involving the extracellular matrix (i.e. axon guidance and cell migration). Furthermore, our data show that genes previously implicated in ASD and intellectual disability are significantly overrepresented in gene coexpression networks related to synaptic function that are transcriptionally co-regulated by Wnt. Finally, we demonstrate that neurons derived from our sample cohort of idiopathic ASD individuals have excessive neurite outgrowth at an early stage of cortical neurogenesis. In sum, our data indicate that convergent molecular disturbances in ASD impact synaptic development and function, metabolism, and cellular molecular interactions involving the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, our results from transcriptome and gene-network analysis both indicate considerable transcriptional dysregulation during earlier stages of neuronal development.

Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies

Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies
Author: Jeffrey Noebels
Publisher: OUP USA
Total Pages: 1258
Release: 2012-06-29
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 0199746540

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Jasper's Basic Mechanisms, Fourth Edition, is the newest most ambitious and now clinically relevant publishing project to build on the four-decade legacy of the Jasper's series. In keeping with the original goal of searching for "a better understanding of the epilepsies and rational methods of prevention and treatment.", the book represents an encyclopedic compendium neurobiological mechanisms of seizures, epileptogenesis, epilepsy genetics and comordid conditions. Of practical importance to the clinician, and new to this edition are disease mechanisms of genetic epilepsies and therapeutic approaches, ranging from novel antiepileptic drug targets to cell and gene therapies.

Homeostatic Control of Brain Function

Homeostatic Control of Brain Function
Author: Detlev Boison
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Total Pages: 657
Release: 2016
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 0199322295

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Homeostatic Control of Brain Function offers a broad view of brain health and diverse perspectives for potential treatments, targeting key areas such as mitochondria, the immune system, epigenetic changes, and regulatory molecules such as ions, neuropeptides, and neuromodulators. Loss of homeostasis becomes expressed as a diverse array of neurological disorders. Each disorder has multiple comorbidities - with some crossing over several conditions - and often disease-specific treatments remain elusive. When current pharmacological therapies result in ineffective and inadequate outcomes, therapies to restore and maintain homeostatic functions can help improve brain health, no matter the diagnosis. Employing homeostatic therapies may lead to future cures or treatments that address multiple comorbidities. In an age where brain diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's are ever present, the incorporation of homeostatic techniques could successfully promote better overall brain health. Key Features include · A focus on the homeostatic controls that significantly depend on the way one lives, eats, and drinks. · Highlights from emerging research in non-pharmaceutical therapies including botanical medications, meditation, diet, and exercise. · Incorporation of homeostatic therapies into existing basic and clinical research paradigms. · Extensive scientific basic and clinical research ranging from molecules to disorders. · Emerging practical information for improving homeostasis. · Examples of homeostatic therapies in preventing and delaying dysfunction. Both editors, Detlev Boison and Susan Masino, bring their unique expertise in homeostatic research to the overall scope of this work. This book is accessible to all with an interest in brain health; scientist, clinician, student, and lay reader alike.

Autism Signaling Pathways

Autism Signaling Pathways
Author: Yu-Chih Lin
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Total Pages: 193
Release: 2021-11-23
Genre: Science
ISBN: 2889716570

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