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| Author | : Anne Maasland |
| Publisher | : World Bank Publications |
| Total Pages | : 42 |
| Release | : 1990 |
| Genre | : Ajuste economico |
| ISBN | : 6092921375 |
There are a variety of approaches, and country issues and data availability will determine the most practical approach.
| Author | : International Monetary Fund |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 32 |
| Release | : 1988-01-01 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1451922361 |
This paper examines the methodological issues arising in the measurement of the distributional impact of tax and expenditure policies, with emphasis on the problems related to the measurement of the impact of adjustment programs on the welfare of the poor. Both conceptual and empirical considerations suggest that public expenditures are a more potent instrument for distributional purposes than taxes but are also more difficult to analyze and evaluate. The paper concludes that more research is needed toward a better measurement of expenditure benefits.
| Author | : Mr.Sanjeev Gupta |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 42 |
| Release | : 1998-05-01 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1451849842 |
This paper demonstrates that high and rising corruption increases income inequality and poverty by reducing economic growth, the progressivity of the tax system, the level and effectiveness of social spending, and the formation of human capital, and by perpetuating an unequal distribution of asset ownership and unequal access to education. These findings hold for countries with different growth experiences, at different stages of development, and using various indices of corruption. An important implication of these results is that policies that reduce corruption will also lower income inequality and poverty.
| Author | : Mr.Olivier Coibion |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 57 |
| Release | : 2012-08-01 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1475505493 |
We study the effects and historical contribution of monetary policy shocks to consumption and income inequality in the United States since 1980. Contractionary monetary policy actions systematically increase inequality in labor earnings, total income, consumption and total expenditures. Furthermore, monetary shocks can account for a significant component of the historical cyclical variation in income and consumption inequality. Using detailed micro-level data on income and consumption, we document the different channels via which monetary policy shocks affect inequality, as well as how these channels depend on the nature of the change in monetary policy.
| Author | : Nanak Kakwani |
| Publisher | : New York : Published for the World Bank [by] Oxford University Press |
| Total Pages | : 438 |
| Release | : 1980 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : |
In a closed economy, income is created in production with the aid of factors such as land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. Production takes place within different firms and government organizations, and, at the same time, income is created and distributed to income units. From this process, a pattern of distribution emerges that has been found to be stable over time and space. This feature of income distribution has provoked a number of alternative theories explaining the generation of income. The present study focuses on the following issues: (a) income distribution functions, (b) measurement of the degree of income inequality, (c) government policies affecting personal distribution of income, and (d) measurement of poverty.
| Author | : Ben E. Aigbokhan |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 36 |
| Release | : 1998 |
| Genre | : Income distribution |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Ms.Sonali Jain-Chandra |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 31 |
| Release | : 2018-06-05 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1484357531 |
China has experienced rapid economic growth over the past two decades and is on the brink of eradicating poverty. However, income inequality increased sharply from the early 1980s and rendered China among the most unequal countries in the world. This trend has started to reverse as China has experienced a modest decline in inequality since 2008. This paper identifies various drivers behind these trends – including structural changes such as urbanization and aging and, more recently, policy initiatives to combat it. It finds that policies will need to play an important role in curbing inequality in the future, as projected structural trends will put further strain on equity considerations. In particular, fiscal policy reforms have the potential to enhance inclusiveness and equity, both on the tax and expenditure side.
| Author | : International Monetary Fund |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 69 |
| Release | : 2014-07-03 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1498343678 |
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| Author | : Mr.David Coady |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 37 |
| Release | : 2012-06-28 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1475563493 |
Staff Discussion Notes showcase the latest policy-related analysis and research being developed by individual IMF staff and are published to elicit comment and to further debate. These papers are generally brief and written in nontechnical language, and so are aimed at a broad audience interested in economic policy issues. This Web-only series replaced Staff Position Notes in January 2011.
| Author | : Osvaldo Larrañaga |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 54 |
| Release | : 1993 |
| Genre | : Education |
| ISBN | : |
