Mating Behavior of the Parasitoid Wasp
Author | : C. Robyn Fischer |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 98 |
Release | : 2003 |
Genre | : Courtship in animals |
ISBN | : |
Download Mating Behavior of the Parasitoid Wasp Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle
Download Mating Behavior Of The Parasitoid Wasp full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online free Mating Behavior Of The Parasitoid Wasp ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Author | : C. Robyn Fischer |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 98 |
Release | : 2003 |
Genre | : Courtship in animals |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Rebecca M. Bratzke |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 144 |
Release | : 2001 |
Genre | : Parasitic wasps |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Maxwell Nicholas Burton |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 158 |
Release | : 2008 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : |
Mating behaviours and reproductive decisions are of key importance to evolutionary fitness. However, it is often difficult to measure and compare the fitness of different individuals, especially in long-lived species, and for behaviours that are subject to multiple selective forces. A striking exception though is the field of sex-allocation research, which is a triumphant success of evolutionary theory (Charnov 1982). The reason for this success is that, following Fisher (1958), the fitness consequences of different sex ratios can be readily predicted and tested analytically. These predictions are very amenable to empirical testing and provide a platform to measure the precision of adaptation, which is crucial for understanding the nature of evolutionary change.
Author | : Mark Jervis |
Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
Total Pages | : 755 |
Release | : 2005-05-25 |
Genre | : Nature |
ISBN | : 1402017340 |
Over the past three decades there has been a dramatic increase in theoretical and practical studies on insect natural enemies. The appeal of insect predators, and parasitoids in particular, as research animals derives from the relative ease with which many species may be cultured and experimented with in the laboratory, the simple life cycles of most parasitoids, and the increasing demand for biological pest control. There is now a massive literature on insect natural enemies, so there is a great need for a general text that the enquiring student or research worker can use in deciding on approaches and techniques that are appropriate to the study and evaluation of such insects. This book fulfils that demand. A considerably updated and expanded version of a previous best-seller, it is an account of major aspects of the biology of predators and parasitoids, punctuated with information and advice on which experiments or observations to conduct, and how to carry them out. Guidance is provided, where necessary, on the literature that may need to be consulted on particular topics. While researchers can now refer to several books on parasitoids and predators, Insects as Natural Enemies is unique in emphasising practicalities. It is aimed at students and professional working in universities and both government and commercial institutes in the fields of pest management, agriculture, horticulture and forestry.
Author | : Aspen Kremer |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 66 |
Release | : 2018 |
Genre | : Entomology |
ISBN | : 9780438032750 |
Spalangia endius Walker is a parasitoid wasp that oviposits in the pupal stage of certain fly species, killing the fly in the process. Its fly hosts include economic pests in livestock-rearing operations, and it is sold commercially as a biological control agent. Male and female S. endius may encounter the commonly used pesticide imidacloprid while walking or resting on treated surfaces, and females may encounter imidacloprid while searching for hosts in contaminated manure. Contact with imidacloprid has been shown to affect survival and subsequent ability to parasitize hosts in S. endius. The present study examined the sublethal effect of imidacloprid on mating behavior. How pesticides affect mating in parasitoid wasps of pests is of economic importance. If pesticides suppress mating, wasp populations will be more male-biased. A more male-biased sex ratio will slow population growth of parasitoid wasps, reducing numbers available to parasitize hosts. In addition, only females parasitize hosts, so a female-deficient population will result in reduced parasitization rates, and ultimately curtail control of pest hosts. Pesticide treatment of female and male S. endius was by exposure to a surface concentration that induces low mortality. First, the effect of pesticide treatment on aspects of mating behavior, offspring sex ratios, and mate choice was examined. In a male mate choice experiment, untreated males were presented with a pesticide-treated female and a control female. A female's treatment had no significant effect on whether she was the first female to be contacted or mounted, but significantly more males copulated with control females first. Among females that were mounted, receptivity (opening of the female's genital orifice, a behavior necessary for copulation) was observed in 1 of 21 treated females and 10 of 11 control females. Males do not appear to contribute to copulation being more likely with control females than with treated females; when the experiment was repeated but with dead females, there was no difference between treated and untreated females in which was first contacted, mounted and copulation attempted with. Female S. endius were subject to a mating choice assay in the same way as males, but with the choice being between a live pesticide-treated male and a live control male. Almost all first contacts, first mounts and first copulations involved the control male. Only one of the 28 pesticide-treated males mounted; he then copulated with the female. Thus, a male being pesticide-treated reduced his mating, when the female had the choice of an untreated male. In contrast, when pesticide-treated males mated, their ability to produce offspring (daughters; sons lack fathers), as measured by their mate's sex ratio, was unaffected. In addition, whether a male was pesticide-treated had no detectable effect on whether he contacted, mounted or copulated first with a mated female or with a virgin female. Both treated and untreated males were more likely to copulate first with the virgin. Secondly, effects of male and female parasitoids being allowed to burrow through used fly rearing media were examined. Three treatments were tested: for 48 h, a wasp was exposed to pesticide or not and then was exposed to media for 24 h, or a wasp was exposed to pesticide for 48 and then for 24 h to no media. Results suggest that duration until mounting and until copulation, but not until contact, were increased for male wasps that had been exposed to pesticide and then to media relative to wasps that were exposed to just pesticide or just media. Media exposure had no effect on female duration to contact, mounting, and copulation, but pesticide exposure did affect her time to copulation, suggesting that some deleterious pesticide exposure effects persist at least 24h after exposure. These experiments with S. endius demonstrate that neonicotinoids can suppress mating. This suppression is likely to result in S. endius populations that are more male-biased if females do not have access to untreated males. Thus, livestock-rearing operations may be inefficiently spending money if they use imidacloprid in combination with release of S. endius for pest management.
Author | : Kelly Michelle Ablard |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 0 |
Release | : 2012 |
Genre | : Courtship in animals |
ISBN | : |
Males and females of the egg parasitoid wasp Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) emerge as sexually mature adults from gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), host egg masses. Sibling or non-sibling males compete intensely for mating opportunities with spatially clustered monandrous females who are briefly receptive. Mated females typically disperse prior to ovipositing, whereas males disperse in search of mates. My main objectives were to examine the occurrence of local mate competition (LMC), and to tease apart the mechanisms, functions, and fitness consequences of courtship and mating behaviour in O. kuvanae. As predicted by LMC theory, with increasing numbers of foundresses on a host egg mass, the proportion of emerging males increases. Males exhibit one of two mating tactics, a mate-at-once (MAO) tactic, and a harem-gathering and -guarding (HGG) tactic. MAO males immediately mate any receptive female they encounter. HGG males mate the first receptive female they encounter, then transfer a unique pheromone-tag to females without prior male contact, and finally relocate and mate those females they themselves have tagged. Females do not incur direct fitness costs by mating with multiply-mated males. Males are attracted to a close-range female sex pheromone comprising (5S)-methylheptacosane and (5R,17S)-dimethylheptacosane. Conversely, males are repelled by the blend of (5R)-methylheptacosane and (5R,17R)-dimethylheptacosane. This suggests that the stereochemistry of these two hydrocarbons may differ between males and females, and that it could be an underlying mechanism in mate recognition and mate assessment. Immediately prior to copulation, males engage females in a brief pre-copulatory ritual, then mate, and thereafter execute a lengthier post-copulatory ritual. Both rituals entail physical interactions rather than pheromone transfer. Following the pre-copulatory ritual, females enter a receptive state that persists after copulation, whereby a female is susceptible to additional copulations by sneaker males, who compete with the first male to mate for post-copulatory ritual rites. The post-copulatory ritual accelerates the awakening of an in-trance female, who then never mates again. First male sperm precedence lies with the first male to engage a female in the post-copulatory ritual. Therefore, the ritual may represent a male adaptation to prevent sperm competition.
Author | : Sunday Ekesi |
Publisher | : Springer |
Total Pages | : 0 |
Release | : 2018-04-30 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 9783319827629 |
Horticultural sector presents many opportunities for economic development and improving livelihood of growers but several factors constrain production and limit the potential for trade of fruits and vegetables. Tephritid fruit flies constitute a major constraint. They cause enormous losses through direct feeding damage and loss of market opportunities through imposition of quarantine restrictions by importing countries to prevent entry and their establishment. In Africa, several native (Ceratitis and Dacus spp) and exotic (Bactrocera and Zeugodacus spp.) species inflict considerable losses to horticulture causing losses ranging from 30-90%. Over the past 10 years of R&D, extensive information has been generated on bioecology and management of several native and exotic fruit flies in Africa. While several specific reviews have addressed various aspects of the biology, ecology and management of economically important tephritid fruit flies; coverage of African native species has been limited largely to Bactrocera oleae and Ceratitis capitata – which are not economically important species in many Africa countries. Indeed, no book exist that have explicitly addressed economically important African fruit flies and none of the various reviews, have specifically focused on the status of the bioecology, economic impact and management of exotic and native fruit flies – including several potentially invasive Dacus species attacking vegetables - in Africa. This book consolidates this status of knowledge and socio-economic impact of various intervention techniques that are currently being applied across Africa. The timing of the book is especially pertinent due to the changing fruit fly landscape in Africa – caused by arrivals of the highly destructive alien invasives (Bactrocera dorsalis, B. zonata, and B. latifrons) - and the priorities African countries have placed recently on export of fruits and vegetables to international markets. This is an important reference material for researchers, academics and students that are keen at improving horticulture and enhancing food and nutrition security in Africa and beyond.
Author | : Nicholas Pound |
Publisher | : Taylor & Francis |
Total Pages | : 322 |
Release | : 2006 |
Genre | : Health & Fitness |
ISBN | : 9780387280363 |
This volume presents the intricate ways in which sperm compete to fertilize eggs and how this has prompted reinterpretations of breeding behavior from a biological perspective. Sperm Competition in Humans: Classic and Contemporary Readings provides a theoretical framework for the study of sperm competition and also discusses the roles of females and the relationships between paternal care in sperm competition. The chapters focus on everything from evolutionary biology to taxonomic development.
Author | : David P. Hughes |
Publisher | : Oxford University Press |
Total Pages | : 247 |
Release | : 2012-06-07 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 0199642230 |
Parasites that manipulate the behaviour of their hosts represent striking examples of adaptation by natural selection. This text provides an authoritative review of host manipulation by parasites that assesses developments in the field and lays out a framework for future research.
Author | : H. Charles J. Godfray |
Publisher | : Princeton University Press |
Total Pages | : 484 |
Release | : 2019-12-31 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 069120702X |
Parasitoids lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species of insect, and the parasitoid larvae develop by feeding on the host, causing its eventual death. Known for a long time to applied biologists for their importance in regulating the population densities of economic pests, parasitoids have recently proven to be valuable tools in testing many aspects of evolutionary theory. This book synthesizes the work of both schools of parasitoid biology and asks how a consideration of evolutionary biology can help us understand the behavior, ecology, and diversity of the approximately one to two million species of parasitoid found on earth. After a general introduction to parasitoid natural history and taxonomy, the first part of the book treats the different components of the reproductive strategy of parasitoids: searching for a host, host selection, clutch size, and the sex ratio. Subsequent chapters discuss pathogens and non-Mendelian genetic elements that affect sexual reproduction; evolutionary aspects of the physiological interactions between parasitoid and host; mating strategies; life history theory and community ecology. A special effort is made to discuss the theoretical background to the subject, but without the use of mathematics.