Liquefaction-targeted Ground Motion Parameters

Liquefaction-targeted Ground Motion Parameters
Author: Andrew J. Makdisi
Publisher:
Total Pages: 340
Release: 2021
Genre:
ISBN:

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Earthquake-induced ground failure, resulting from liquefaction of loose sand and soft clay deposits, has caused tremendous damage to the built and natural environment. Ground failures due to lateral spreading, an effect of soil liquefaction at sites on mildly sloping ground or in close proximity to natural or man-made free faces, has been observed to pose significant risks to bridge pile foundations, underground utilities, and shallow foundation systems. Conventional design guidelines in the United States are typically centered on analysis of the liquefaction triggering limit state, by computing a factor of safety (FSL) that considers a single, probabilistic level of earthquake ground shaking. When compared with fully probabilistic analyses of liquefaction triggering that consider all levels of ground shaking, conventional analyses may result in inconsistent representations of the actual liquefaction hazard in different regions of the U.S. Furthermore, analyses that focus on the triggering limit state, rather than the effects of liquefaction (i.e. ground deformations), are generally insufficient in predicting physical damage and losses, particularly in probabilistic frameworks. In this study, a computational platform for fully probabilistic liquefaction hazard analysis (PLHA) is developed and utilized to evaluate the degree to which conventional liquefaction hazard analyses deviate from the actual liquefaction hazard for the triggering limit state. A comparison study between PLHA-based and conventional estimates of FSL indicates a large degree of inconsistency both at the regional and national scale, with some parts of the U.S. designing for nearly three times the implied hazard as others when using conventional analyses. To address this inconsistency, a framework is presented for mapping a liquefaction-targeted ground motion intensity measure for a reference soil and site condition, that, in conjunction with site-adjustment factors can be used in conventional analyses to obtain hazard-consistent estimates of FSL. The framework is validated for a range of geographic locations, seismotectonic environments, soil parameters, and site conditions. Finally, recognizing the need to focus on the effects of liquefaction, a large-scale, simulation-based parametric study, consisting of nonlinear finite-element dynamic analyses performed via a high-performance computing platform, is presented for investigating the physical mechanisms that contribute to lateral spreading-type ground failures. The results of this study are used to develop and present a probabilistic framework for predicting post-triggering ground deformations that accounts for the time of liquefaction during during earthquake motions, as well as system-level effects such as the reduction in seismic demands due to liquefaction in deeper soil strata.

Strong Ground Motion Parameters

Strong Ground Motion Parameters
Author: Michael J. O'Rourke
Publisher:
Total Pages: 70
Release: 1982
Genre: Earth movements
ISBN:

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Hazard Analysis of Seismic Soil Liquefaction

Hazard Analysis of Seismic Soil Liquefaction
Author: Yu Huang
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 180
Release: 2017-04-11
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9811043795

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This book presents comprehensive hazard analysis methods for seismic soil liquefaction, providing an update on soil liquefaction by systematically reviewing the phenomenon’s occurrence since the beginning of this century. It also puts forward a range of advanced research methods including in-situ tests, laboratory studies, physical model tests, numerical simulation, and performance-based assessment. Recent seismic liquefaction-related damage to soils and foundations demonstrate the increasing need for the comprehensive hazard analysis of seismic soil liquefaction in order to mitigate this damage and protect human lives. As such the book addresses the comprehensive hazard analysis of seismic soil liquefaction, including factors such as macroscopic characteristics, evaluating the liquefaction potential, dynamic characteristics and deformation processes, providing reliable evaluation results for liquefaction potential and deformation in the context of risk assessment. “p>

Principles of Structural Design

Principles of Structural Design
Author: Ram S. Gupta
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 599
Release: 2019-06-17
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1351027697

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Timber, steel, and concrete are common engineering materials used in structural design. Material choice depends upon the type of structure, availability of material, and the preference of the designer. The design practices the code requirements of each material are very different. In this updated edition, the elemental designs of individual components of each material are presented, together with theory of structures essential for the design. Numerous examples of complete structural designs have been included. A comprehensive database comprising materials properties, section properties, specifications, and design aids, has been included to make this essential reading.

Earthquake Data in Engineering Seismology

Earthquake Data in Engineering Seismology
Author: Sinan Akkar
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 281
Release: 2011-01-03
Genre: Nature
ISBN: 9400701527

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This book addresses current activities in strong-motion networks around the globe, covering issues related to designing, maintaining and disseminating information from these arrays. The book is divided into three principal sections. The first section includes recent developments in regional and global ground-motion predictive models. It presents discussions on the similarities and differences of ground motion estimations from these models and their application to design spectra as well as other novel procedures for predicting engineering parameters in seismic regions with sparse data. The second section introduces topics about the particular methodologies being implemented in the recently established global and regional strong-motion databanks in Europe to maintain and disseminate the archived accelerometric data. The final section describes major strong-motion arrays around the world and their historical developments. The last three chapters of this section introduce projects carried out within the context of arrays deployed for seismic risk studies in metropolitan areas. Audience: This timely book will be of particular interest for researchers who use accelerometric data extensively to conduct studies in earthquake engineering and engineering seismology.

Next Generation Liquefaction Database and Probabilistic Liquefaction Model Development

Next Generation Liquefaction Database and Probabilistic Liquefaction Model Development
Author: Kenneth Stewart Hudson
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2023
Genre:
ISBN:

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Soil liquefaction and resulting ground failure due to earthquakes present a significant hazard to infrastructure around the world. On a site-specific basis, liquefaction evaluations are performed by first evaluating whether a given soil material exhibits a type of soil behavior in which large pore pressure generation and strength loss is possible (susceptibility analysis), followed by assessing whether the state of the soil and the potential future ground shaking at the site are likely to lead to such strength loss (triggering analysis), and finally by considering the potential consequences if liquefaction were to be triggered. The research presented in this thesis, which was conducted as part of the Next Generation Liquefaction (NGL) Project, aimed to improve all three steps in this modeling framework, but with an emphasis on the latter two. The NGL Project has database and modeling components, with my contributions mainly in connection with modeling.NGL modeling was undertaken by a supported modeling team (SMT), of which I was a member. The susceptibility model solely considers soil type and behavior considerations and expresses results in a probabilistic manner instead of binary "yes" or "no" determinations common in previous models. The triggering model was developed in two phases. Initially, a Bayesian prior model was derived from a large inventory of laboratory data that was compiled by another SMT member. This prior model provides a probability density function for liquefaction triggering conditional on the relative density of granular soils. That model is later adjusted through a Bayesian inference process, as described further below. My major contribution to SMT modeling was to evaluate the probability that individual layers within a site profile, and ultimately the profile as a whole, express the effects of liquefaction triggering at the ground surface. Referred to as a manifestation problem, my approach is to evaluate triggering and susceptibility probabilities for each layer at a site, and to combine such results with information on liquefied layer depths, layer thicknesses, and soil type characteristics to predict manifestation probabilities. This analysis is empirical, using the NGL database within a Bayesian inference process. Outcomes of Bayesian inference are referred to as posterior distributions, and include both models for layer and profile manifestation, as well as updates to the triggering prior. The most significant original contributions of this research relative to prior work are the separation of liquefaction triggering from manifestation in model development. In particular, the triggering analysis reflects fundamental understanding of soil behavior as derived from laboratory testing, while the manifestation model was empirically derived from case histories and uses physically meaningful parameters related to the full profile. A number of other innovations were introduced to make this modeling effort possible, including development of machine learning algorithms to layer site profiles, development of improved models for predicting fines contents from CPT sounding data, and improved routines for ground motion prediction at liquefaction sites from past earthquakes.

State of the Art and Practice in the Assessment of Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction and Its Consequences

State of the Art and Practice in the Assessment of Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction and Its Consequences
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher:
Total Pages: 350
Release: 2019-01-30
Genre:
ISBN: 9780309440271

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Earthquake-induced soil liquefaction (liquefaction) is a leading cause of earthquake damage worldwide. Liquefaction is often described in the literature as the phenomena of seismic generation of excess porewater pressures and consequent softening of granular soils. Many regions in the United States have been witness to liquefaction and its consequences, not just those in the west that people associate with earthquake hazards. Past damage and destruction caused by liquefaction underline the importance of accurate assessments of where liquefaction is likely and of what the consequences of liquefaction may be. Such assessments are needed to protect life and safety and to mitigate economic, environmental, and societal impacts of liquefaction in a cost-effective manner. Assessment methods exist, but methods to assess the potential for liquefaction triggering are more mature than are those to predict liquefaction consequences, and the earthquake engineering community wrestles with the differences among the various assessment methods for both liquefaction triggering and consequences. State of the Art and Practice in the Assessment of Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction and Its Consequences evaluates these various methods, focusing on those developed within the past 20 years, and recommends strategies to minimize uncertainties in the short term and to develop improved methods to assess liquefaction and its consequences in the long term. This report represents a first attempt within the geotechnical earthquake engineering community to consider, in such a manner, the various methods to assess liquefaction consequences.