Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is an analytical technique that has the potential to detect all the elements present in the periodic table. The limit of detection can go below a few ppm and this regardless of the physical phase of the analyzed sample (solid, liquid or gas). Its simplicity of use, its rapidity to get results and its versatility provide this technique with attractive features. The technique is currently developed for applications in a large number of domains such as online control, spatial explorations and the environment. However the weakness of the LIBS technique, compared to other more conventional ones, is still its difficulty in providing reliable quantitative results, especially for inhomogeneous and complex matrix such as organic or biological materials. The work presented in this thesis includes a study of the properties of plasma induced from different organic materials. First, a study of the plasma induced on the surface of a Nylon sample at short time delays (~ns) was carried out using the time-resolved shadowgraph technique for different experimental parameters (laser energy, pulse duration, wavelength). Then, a complete diagnostics of the plasma was performed using the plasma emission spectroscopy. A detailed analysis of the emission spectra at different detection delays allowed us to determine the evolution of the temperatures of the different species in the plasma (atoms, ions and molecules). The homogeneity and the local thermodynamic equilibrium within the plasma was then experimentally checked and validated. We demonstrated that the optimisation of the signalto- noise ratio and a quantitative procedure, such as the calibration-free LIBS, can be put in place within a properly chosen detection window. In our experiments, such optimised detection configuration was further employed to record LIBS spectra from different families of polymer in order to identify and classify them. For this purpose, the chemometrics procedure of artificial neural networks (ANN) was used to process the recorded LIBS spectroscopic data. The promising results obtained in this thesis makes LIBS stand out as a potentially useful tool for real time identification of plastic materials. Finally, this work can also be considered as a base for the further studies of more complex materials such as biological tissues with LIBS.