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| Author | : Luis Gustavo Goncalves de Goncalves |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 180 |
| Release | : 2005 |
| Genre | : Atmospheric circulation |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Luis Gustavo Goncalves de Goncalves |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2005 |
| Genre | : Atmospheric circulation |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : E.F. Wood |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 302 |
| Release | : 2012-12-06 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 9400921551 |
It is well known that the interactions between land surfaces and the atmosphere, and the resulting exchanges in water and energy have a tremendous affect on climate. The inadequate representation of land-atmosphere interactions is a major weakness in current climate models, and is providing the motivation for the HAPEX and ISLSCP experiments as well as the proposed Global Energy and Water Experiment (GEWEX) and the Earth Observing System (EOS) mission. The inadequate representation reflects the recognition that the well-known phys ical relationships, which are well described at small scales, result in different relationships when represented at the scales used in climate models. Understanding this transition in the mathematical relationships with increased space-time scales appears to be very difficult, and has led to different approaches; at one extreme, the famous "bucket" model where the land-surface is a simple one layer storage without vegetation; the other extreme may be Seller's Simple Biosphere Model (Sib) where one big leaf covers the climate model grid. Given the heterogeneous nature of landforms, soils and vegetation within a climate model grid, the development of new land surface parameterizations, and their verification through large scale experiments is perceived to be a challenging area of research for the hydrology and meteorology communities. This book evolved from a workshop held at Princeton University to explore the status of land surface parameterizations within climate models, and how observa tional data can be used to assess these parameterizations and improve models.
| Author | : Almudena García García |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2020 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
The interactions between the lower atmosphere and the land surface are associated with weather and climate phenomena such as the duration, frequency and intensity of extreme temperature and precipitation events. Thus, the representation of land- atmosphere interactions in climate model simulations is crucial for projecting future changes in the statistics of extreme events as realistically as possible. Given the importance of the land-atmosphere interaction, the purpose of the thesis is to evaluate climate simulations performed by General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Regional Climate Models (RCMs) and examine the role of the Land Surface Model (LSM) component and the horizontal resolution over North America. For this purpose, I analyze a large set of simulations from GCMs and RCMs used by the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as well as my own simulations performed by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Results show that GCM simulations present large uncertainties in the representation of land-atmosphere interactions in comparison with observations. This work also reveals a dependence of the simulated land-atmosphere interactions on the LSM components used in regional and global simulations. Additionally, the LSM component is identified as an important source of uncertainty in the simulation of extreme temperature and precipitation events. Increasing the horizontal resolution also affects the simulation of land-atmosphere interactions, which lead to the intensification of precipitation, evapotranspiration and soil moisture at low latitudes; that is increased latent heat flux, soil moisture, and precipitation. The impact of both factors, horizontal resolution and the LSM, is larger in summer in agreement with the summer intensification of land-atmosphere interactions reported in the literature. The comparison of model simulations and observations indicates that the use of the most comprehensive LSM component available in WRF, the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4), leads to a better representation of temperature climatologies. In contrast, finer horizontal resolutions are associated with larger biases in the WRF simulation of precipitation climatology, due to the overestimation of precipitation in the WRF model. Due to the large effect of the LSM component on the simulation of near-surface conditions shown in this dissertation, the use of simple version of LSM component in GCMs, RCMs or reanalyses can be an important limitation in climate simulations and reanalysis products.
| Author | : Amir Erfanian Javadian Entezar Yazd |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2017 |
| Genre | : Electronic dissertations |
| ISBN | : |
Land, atmosphere, and oceans interact with each other through energy, mass, and momentum exchanges. These interactions regulate climate variability and influence climate changes at the regional scale. One notable example of highly influential land-atmosphere-ocean interactions on regional climates is monsoonal systems that influence a substantial portion of the world’s population. In this dissertation, the present and future climates of West Africa (WA) and South America (SA), two important monsoon regions, were studied utilizing Regional and Global Climate Models (RCMs and GCMs), mathematical techniques and data mining tools, and observational data (in-situ, remote-sensing, and reanalysis). The objective is to advance our understanding on the role of land-atmosphere-ocean feedbacks, especially vegetation-climate interactions, in the climate variability, change, and extremes over these regions. Special attention was given to the improvement of climate simulations and reliability of future climate projections by quantifying and/or reducing uncertainties from multiple sources. As part of this dissertation, two new approaches concerning regional climate modeling and projection were developed, each pertaining to one of the geographic domains. One is the Ensemble-based Reconstructed Forcings (ERF) method that faithfully reproduces the Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) mean but requires only a fraction of the computational cost of the conventional MME approach, which is critical for reducing the high uncertainties in the outlook of future precipitation change over WA. The other newly developed approach tackle the nesting practice, a major source of RCM bias that causes (large-scale) circulation in SA to drift away from that of the driving GCMs. To this end, a new paradigm of regional climate modeling was proposed that includes the influential oceans within the RCM domain to better resolve the large-scale circulation of the SA climate. Results from a fully coupled regional climate model, with and without dynamic vegetation, revealed significant influence of vegetation-climate interactions on the mean and variability of the surface hydroclimate of the two regions of focus. Precipitation, surface temperature, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture were all strongly influenced. In particular, results from both numerical experiments and observational data analysis indicated that tropical oceanic variability plays a dominant role in precipitation variability over SA, including the unprecedented extreme drought of 2016; in addition, greenhouse gas warming was found to significantly contribute to the amplification of the 2016 drought, especially during the pre-monsoon season. Natural vegetation dynamics improves the model performance in capturing the anomalies of surface water storage but has a negligible impact on precipitation anomalies of this extreme drought. Results of this research help advance our understanding and improve our capability to quantify and predict climate variability, change, and extremes over WA and SA.
| Author | : National Aeronautics and Space Adm Nasa |
| Publisher | : Independently Published |
| Total Pages | : 26 |
| Release | : 2018-09-27 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 9781724079879 |
The overall goal of this project is to increase our understanding of seasonal to interannual variability and predictability of atmosphere-land interactions. The project objectives are to: 1. Document the low frequency variability in land surface features and associated water and energy cycles from general circulation models (GCMs), observations and reanalysis products. 2. Determine what relatively wet and dry years have in common on a region-by-region basis and then examine the physical mechanisms that may account for a significant portion of the variability. 3. Develop GCM experiments to examine the hypothesis that better knowledge of the land surface enhances long range predictability. This investigation is aimed at evaluating and predicting seasonal to interannual variability for selected regions emphasizing the role of land-atmosphere interactions. Of particular interest are the relationships between large, regional and local scales and how they interact to account for seasonal and interannual variability, including extreme events such as droughts and floods. North and South America, including the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Continental International Project (GEWEX GCIP), MacKenzie, and LBA basins, are currently being emphasized. We plan to ultimately generalize and synthesize to other land regions across the globe, especially those pertinent to other GEWEX projects. Roads, John and Oglesby, Robert and Marshall, Susan and Robertson, Franklin R. Marshall Space Flight Center
| Author | : Pavel Kabat |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 565 |
| Release | : 2012-12-06 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 3642189482 |
A state-of-the-art overview of the influence of terrestrial vegetation and soils within the Earth system. The text deals especially with interactions between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere via the hydrological cycle and their interlinkage with anthropogenic activities. Measurements gathered in integrated field experiments in the Sahel, the Amazon, North America and South-east Asia confirm the importance of these interactions. Observations are complemented by modelling studies, including regional models that simulate flows and transport in river catchments, coupled land-cover and regional climate systems, and Earth-system and global circulation models. Water, nutrient and sediment fluxes in river basins are also discussed and are shown to be highly impacted and regulated by humans through land use, pollution and river engineering. Finally, the book discusses environmental vulnerability and methodologies for assessing the risks associated with regional and global climatic and environmental variability and change. The results reported in this book are based on the research work of many individual scientists and teams around the world associated with the objectives of the IGBP-BAHC and WCRP-GEWEX international research programmes.
| Author | : Tianjun Zhou |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 468 |
| Release | : 2013-11-19 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 3642418015 |
Coupled climate system models are of central importance for climate studies. A new model known as FGOALS ( the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model), has been developed by the Sate Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (LASG/IAP, CAS), a first-tier national geophysical laboratory. It serves as a powerful tool, both for deepening our understanding of fundamental mechanisms of the climate system and for making decadal prediction and scenario projections of future climate change. "Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model: A Modeling Tool for the Climate Change Research Community” is the first book to offer systematic evaluations of this model’s performance. It is comprehensive in scope, covering both developmental and application-oriented aspects of this climate system model. It also provides an outlook of future development of FGOALS and offers an overview of how to employ the model. It represents a valuable reference work for researchers and professionals working within the related areas of climate variability and change. Prof. Tianjun Zhou, Yongqiang Yu, Yimin Liu and Bin Wang work at LASG, the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| Author | : Michael Keller |
| Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
| Total Pages | : 1472 |
| Release | : 2013-05-02 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1118671511 |
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 186. Amazonia and Global Change synthesizes results of the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) for scientists and students of Earth system science and global environmental change. LBA, led by Brazil, asks how Amazonia currently functions in the global climate and biogeochemical systems and how the functioning of Amazonia will respond to the combined pressures of climate and land use change, such as Wet season and dry season aerosol concentrations and their effects on diffuse radiation and photosynthesis Increasing greenhouse gas concentration, deforestation, widespread biomass burning and changes in the Amazonian water cycle Drought effects and simulated drought through rainfall exclusion experiments The net flux of carbon between Amazonia and the atmosphere Floodplains as an important regulator of the basin carbon balance including serving as a major source of methane to the troposphere The impact of the likely increased profitability of cattle ranching. The book will serve a broad community of scientists and policy makers interested in global change and environmental issues with high-quality scientific syntheses accessible to nonspecialists in a wide community of social scientists, ecologists, atmospheric chemists, climatologists, and hydrologists.
| Author | : Lena M. Tallaksen |
| Publisher | : Gulf Professional Publishing |
| Total Pages | : 634 |
| Release | : 2004 |
| Genre | : Mathematics |
| ISBN | : 9780444516886 |
The majority of the examples are taken from regions where the rivers run most of the year.
