Excerpt from Laboratory Directions for Elementary Botany This manual is the product of twenty five years' experience in teaching elementary botany to students in the University of Michigan. At the beginning of that period the author started with a similar manual used by his predecessors and associates, the late Professor Volney M. Spalding, of revered memory, and Professor Frederick C. Newcombe. The outline of work has undergone considerable change since the time when the writer was given charge of the elementary course in botany at this institution. For these changes he has been largely responsible. As the students increased in numbers other men have cooperated in giving the laboratory work and lectures, and in the most recent years numerous discussions have been carried on as to how the course could be improved. Among those taking part in these discussions have been H. H. Bartlett, R. M. Holman, B. M. Davis, W. W. Tupper and others. The work outlined is essentially that now given at this University, but the present edition contains some material not previously included in the manual as used here, and for this as well as for the arrangement and composition, the author assumes sole responsibility. It is hoped that in its present form it will be especially useful to the instructors in botany in the junior colleges associated with city high schools. In recognition of the fact that in most cases those instructors will have limited library facilities, material has been incorporated into the present work that might properly be reserved for a text book rather than a laboratory manual. The reason for so doing is that some of the work herein presented is so new that it has not yet found a place in any textbook of botany. This is the justification for the paragraphs on vitamins and the newer knowledge of nutrition. Other topics are presented so inadequately in most textbooks that it has seemed worth while to give a new presentation. For this reason the carbon and nitrogen cycles have been included. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.