Kazakhstan - Ethnicity, Language and Power

Kazakhstan - Ethnicity, Language and Power
Author: Bhavna Dave
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 257
Release: 2007-09-13
Genre: History
ISBN: 1134324987

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Kazakhstan is emerging as the most dynamic economic and political actor in Central Asia. It is the second largest country of the former Soviet Union, after the Russian Federation, and has rich natural resources, particularly oil, which is being exploited through massive US investment. Kazakhstan has an impressive record of economic growth under the leadership of President Nursultan Nazarbaev, and has ambitions to project itself as a modern, wealthy civic state, with a developed market economy. At the same time, Kazakhstan is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the region, with very substantial non-Kazakh and non-Muslim minorities. Its political regime has used elements of political clientelism and neo-traditional practices to bolster its rule. Drawing from extensive ethnographic research, interviews, and archival materials this book traces the development of national identity and statehood in Kazakhstan, focusing in particular on the attempts to build a national state. It argues that Russification and Sovietization were not simply 'top-down' processes, that they provide considerable scope for local initiatives, and that Soviet ethnically-based affirmative action policies have had a lasting impact on ethnic élite formation and the rise of a distinct brand of national consciousness.

The Hungry Steppe

The Hungry Steppe
Author: Sarah Cameron
Publisher: Cornell University Press
Total Pages: 433
Release: 2018-11-15
Genre: History
ISBN: 1501730452

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The Hungry Steppe examines one of the most heinous crimes of the Stalinist regime: the Kazakh famine of 1930–33. More than 1.5 million people, a quarter of Kazakhstan's population, perished. Yet the story of this famine has remained mostly hidden from view. Sarah Cameron reveals this brutal story and its devastating consequences for Kazakh society. Through extremely violent means, the Kazakh famine created Soviet Kazakhstan, a stable territory with clear boundaries that was an integral part of the Soviet economy; and it forged a new Kazakh national identity. But ultimately, Cameron finds, neither Kazakhstan nor Kazakhs themselves integrated into Soviet society the way Moscow intended. The experience of the famine scarred the republic and shaped its transformation into an independent nation in 1991. Cameron examines the Kazakh famine to overturn several assumptions about violence, modernization, and nation-making under Stalin, highlighting the creation of a new Kazakh national identity and how environmental factors shaped Soviet development. Ultimately, The Hungry Steppe depicts the Soviet regime and its disastrous policies in a new and unusual light.

Central Peripheries

Central Peripheries
Author: Marlene Laruelle
Publisher: UCL Press
Total Pages: 262
Release: 2021-07-01
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 1800080131

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Central Peripheries explores post-Soviet Central Asia through the prism of nation-building. Although relative latecomers on the international scene, the Central Asian states see themselves as globalized, and yet in spite of – or perhaps precisely because of – this, they hold a very classical vision of the nation-state, rejecting the abolition of boundaries and the theory of the ‘death of the nation’. Their unabashed celebration of very classical nationhoods built on post-modern premises challenges the Western view of nationalism as a dying ideology that ought to have been transcended by post-national cosmopolitanism. Marlene Laruelle looks at how states in the region have been navigating the construction of a nation in a post-imperial context where Russia remains the dominant power and cultural reference. She takes into consideration the ways in which the Soviet past has influenced the construction of national storylines, as well as the diversity of each state’s narratives and use of symbolic politics. Exploring state discourses, academic narratives and different forms of popular nationalist storytelling allows Laruelle to depict the complex construction of the national pantheon in the three decades since independence. The second half of the book focuses on Kazakhstan as the most hybrid national construction and a unique case study of nationhood in Eurasia. Based on the principle that only multidisciplinarity can help us to untangle the puzzle of nationhood, Central Peripheries uses mixed methods, combining political science, intellectual history, sociology and cultural anthropology. It is inspired by two decades of fieldwork in the region and a deep knowledge of the region’s academia and political environment. Praise for Central Peripheries ‘Marlene Laruelle paves the way to the more focused and necessary outlook on Central Asia, a region that is not a periphery but a central space for emerging conceptual debates and complexities. Above all, the book is a product of Laruelle's trademark excellence in balancing empirical depth with vigorous theoretical advancements.’ – Diana T. Kudaibergenova, University of Cambridge ‘Using the concept of hybridity, Laruelle explores the multitude of historical, political and geopolitical factors that predetermine different ways of looking at nations and various configurations of nation-building in post-Soviet Central Asia. Those manifold contexts present a general picture of the transformation that the former southern periphery of the USSR has been going through in the past decades.’ – Sergey Abashin, European University at St Petersburg

Global Citizenship Education

Global Citizenship Education
Author: Abdeljalil Akkari
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 217
Release: 2020-08-18
Genre: Education
ISBN: 3030446174

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This open access book takes a critical and international perspective to the mainstreaming of the Global Citizenship Concept and analyses the key issues regarding global citizenship education across the world. In that respect, it addresses a pressing need to provide further conceptual input and to open global citizenship agendas to diversity and indigeneity. Social and political changes brought by globalisation, migration and technological advances of the 21st century have generated a rise in the popularity of the utopian and philosophical idea of global citizenship. In response to the challenges of today’s globalised and interconnected world, such as inequality, human rights violations and poverty, global citizenship education has been invoked as a means of preparing youth for an inclusive and sustainable world. In recent years, the development of global citizenship education and the building of students’ global citizenship competencies have become a focal point in global agendas for education, international educational assessments and international organisations. However, the concept of global citizenship education still remains highly contested and subject to multiple interpretations, and its operationalisation in national educational policies proves to be challenging. This volume aims to contribute to the debate, question the relevancy of global citizenship education’s policy objectives and to enhance understanding of local perspectives, ideologies, conceptions and issues related to citizenship education on a local, national and global level. To this end, the book provides a comprehensive and geographically based overview of the challenges citizenship education faces in a rapidly changing global world through the lens of diversity and inclusiveness.

"Tribes" and "clans" in Modern Power

Author: Edward Schatz
Publisher:
Total Pages: 300
Release: 2000
Genre: Kazakhs
ISBN:

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"An explosion of literature on identity politics has generated critical insights into the dynamics of group solidarities. This literature is all but silent, however, on lower-aggregate, subethnic attachments. Dominant approaches to identity anticipate that such divisions become decreasingly important with the rise of the modern state. In former Soviet Central Asia, where salient subethnic divisions propel the power dynamic, such approaches find a paradox. The empirical challenge of subethnic politics in Central Asia begs two interrelated questions that animate this dissertation. First, what accounts for the persistence of subethnic identity politics, when dominant approaches expect the gradual marginalization of these low-aggregate group solidarities as the modern state improves its empirical capacity? Second, how can we explain the distinctive political forms that subethnic competition assumes? On the basis of archival research, ethnographic work, focus groups, semi-structured interviews, and a broad reading of indigenous periodicals and papers, this project addresses these questions in the context of Kazakhstan. First, why did the coercive practices of modernization and ethnicization exercised by the Soviet state not preclude the political salience of subethnic identities in Kazakhstan? Part one argues that low-aggregate solidarities persist not in spite of attempts at modernization, industrialization, and cultural homogenization, but because of the particular ways in which these practices are carried out. Specifically, it suggests that two aspects of Soviet modernization promoted subethnic divisions. The political economy of pervasive shortages encouraged access networks to proliferate. Across the Soviet southern tier, these access networks often fell along subethnic lines. Moreover, Soviet nationalities policy deeply stigmatized subethnic affiliations as 'backward' and the 'remnants of feudalism.' In doing so, it drove them underground: their function became illicit and sub rosa and unlikely to be detected by the agents of Soviet surveillance. Thus, Soviet modernization promoted subethnicity because it encouraged network of access--specifically along subethnic lines. The second part inquires into the particular forms that subethnic politics assumes. It argues that subethnic politics routinely involves a central component of meta-conflict (defined as conflict over the terms of the conflict itself) ..."--Leaves i-ii.

Modern Clan Politics

Modern Clan Politics
Author: Edward Schatz
Publisher: University of Washington Press
Total Pages: 279
Release: 2012-09-01
Genre: History
ISBN: 0295803495

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Edward Schatz explores the politics of kin-based clan divisions in the post-Soviet state of Kazakhstan. Drawing from extensive ethnographic and archival research, interviews, and wide-ranging secondary sources, he highlights a politics that poses a two-tiered challenge to current thinking about modernity and Central Asia. First, asking why kinship divisions do not fade from political life with modernization, he shows that the state actually constructs clan relationships by infusing them with practical political and social meaning. By activating the most important quality of clans - their "concealability" - the state is itself responsible for the vibrant politics of these subethnic divisions which has emerged and flourished in post-Soviet Kazakhstan. Subethnic divisions are crucial to understanding how group solidarities and power relations coexist and where they intersect. But, in a second challenge to current thinking, Schatz argues that clan politics should not be understood simply as competition among primordial groups. Rather, the meanings attributed to clan relationships - both the public stigmas and the publicly proclaimed pride in clans - are part and parcel of this contest. Drawing parallels with relevant cases from the Middle East, East and North Africa, and other parts of the former USSR, Schatz concludes that a more appropriate policy may be achieved by making clans a legitimate part of political and social life, rendering them less powerful or corrupt by increasing their transparency. Political scientists, sociologists, anthropologists, policy makers, and others who study state power and identity groups will find a wealth of empirical material and conceptual innovation for discussion and debate.

Staying at Home

Staying at Home
Author: Rita Sanders
Publisher: Berghahn Books
Total Pages: 270
Release: 2016-08-01
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 1785331930

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Despite economic growth in Kazakhstan, more than 80 per cent of Kazakhstan’s ethnic Germans have emigrated to Germany to date. Disappointing experiences of the migrants, along with other aspects of life in Germany, have been transmitted through transnational networks to ethnic Germans still living in Kazakhstan. Consequently, Germans in Kazakhstan today feel more alienated than ever from their ‘historic homeland’. This book explores the interplay of those memories, social networks and state policies, which play a role in the ‘construction’ of a Kazakhstani German identity.

Kazakhstan in the Making

Kazakhstan in the Making
Author: Marlene Laruelle
Publisher: Lexington Books
Total Pages: 305
Release: 2016-11-21
Genre: History
ISBN: 1498525482

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Kazakhstan is one of the best-known success stories of Central Asia, perhaps even of the entire Eurasian space. It boasts a fast growing economy—at least until the 2014 crisis—a strategic location between Russia, China, and the rest of Central Asia, and a regime with far-reaching branding strategies. But the country also faces weak institutionalization, patronage, authoritarianism, and regional gaps in socioeconomic standards that challenge the stability and prosperity narrative advanced by the aging President Nursultan Nazarbayev. This policy-oriented analysis does not tell us a lot about the Kazakhstani society itself and its transformations. This edited volume returns Kazakhstan to the scholarly spotlight, offering new, multidisciplinary insights into the country’s recent evolution, drawing from political science, anthropology, and sociology. It looks at the regime’s sophisticated legitimacy mechanisms and ongoing quest for popular support. It analyzes the country’s fast changing national identity and the delicate balance between the Kazakh majority and the Russian-speaking minorities. It explores how the society negotiates deep social transformations and generates new hybrid, local and global, cultural references.

The Kazakh Spring

The Kazakh Spring
Author: Diana T. Kudaibergen
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 317
Release: 2024-05-23
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 1009454277

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How can a de-institutionalised protest movement disrupt a solidified, repressive and extremely resilient authoritarian regime? Using the context of the Kazakh Spring protests (2019–ongoing), Diana T. Kudaibergen focuses on how the interplay between a repressive regime and democratisation struggles define and shape each other. Combining original interview data, digital ethnography and contentious politics studies, she argues that the new generation of activists, including Instagram political influencers and renowned public intellectuals, have been able to de-legitimise and counter one of the most resilient authoritarian regimes and inspire mass protests that none of the formalised opposition ever imagined possible in Kazakhstan. 'The Kazakh Spring' is the first book to detail the emergence of this political field of opportunities that allowed the possibility to rethink the political limits in Kazakhstan, essentially toppling the long-term dictator in unprecedented mass protests of the Bloody January 2022.