Characterization and Implementation of an Injection Locked Frequency Divider Based on Relaxation Oscillator

Characterization and Implementation of an Injection Locked Frequency Divider Based on Relaxation Oscillator
Author: Kai Zhu
Publisher:
Total Pages: 121
Release: 2012
Genre:
ISBN:

Download Characterization and Implementation of an Injection Locked Frequency Divider Based on Relaxation Oscillator Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle

There has been a dramatic increase in wireless awareness among the user community in the past few years. As the wireless communication devices require more integration in terms of both hardware and software, the low-power integrated circuit (IC) solution has gained higher dedication and will dominate in the future radio-frequency IC (RFIC) design. Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) process is extremely attractive for such applications because of its low cost and the possibility to integrate baseband and high frequency circuits on the same chip. The transceiver is often the most power-hungry block in a wireless communication system. The frequency divider (prescaler) and the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) which are essential building blocks of in the frequency synthesizer of the transmitter are among the major sources of power consumption. This work focuses on prescalers. The injection-locked frequency dividers (ILFD) were introduced in the recent past for low-power frequency division. ILFDs can consume an order of magnitude lower power when compared to conventional flip-flop based dividers. However their range of operating frequency, also known as the locking range, is limited. ILFDs can be classified as LC tank, ring or relaxation oscillator based. There have been a lot of published works on the LC tank and ring oscillator based ILFDs. However, the one on relaxation oscillator based ILFD has been rarely reported, especially for RF applications. Besides, it is usually employed to implement a single division ratio such as 2, 3, 4 with an ILFD, while dual- or multi-moduli prescaler is more attractive to an RF synthesizer and are also rarely studied among published ILFDs. The goal of this work is to initially characterize the relaxation ILFD for RF applications. The locking range is optimized by the proposed topology. Besides, mathematical derivation is developed to verify the optimization. ILFD is also designed for different moduli with an easily controlled manner. Finally, the dual-modulus ILFD is also implemented based on the proposed structure. A prototype is fabricated in a 90-nm CMOS process and successfully tested.

Injection-Locking in Mixed-Mode Signal Processing

Injection-Locking in Mixed-Mode Signal Processing
Author: Fei Yuan
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 225
Release: 2019-05-17
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 303017364X

Download Injection-Locking in Mixed-Mode Signal Processing Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle

This book provides readers with a comprehensive treatment of the principles, circuit design techniques, and applications of injection-locking in mixed-mode signal processing, with an emphasis on CMOS implementation. Major topics include: An overview of injection-locking, the principle of injection-locking in harmonic and non-harmonic oscillators, lock range enhancement techniques for harmonic oscillators, lock range enhancement techniques for non-harmonic oscillators, and the emerging applications of injection-locking in mixed-mode signal processing. Provides a single-source reference to the principles, circuit design techniques, and applications of injection-locking in mixed-mode signal processing; Includes a rich collection of design techniques for increasing the lock range of oscillators under injection, along with in-depth examination of the pros and cons of these methods; Enables a broad range of applications, such as passive wireless microsystems, forwarded-clock parallel data links, frequency synthesizers for wireless and wireline communications, and low phase noise phase-locked loops.

Analytical Method to Predict Locking Range in LC Injection-locked Frequency Dividers

Analytical Method to Predict Locking Range in LC Injection-locked Frequency Dividers
Author: Saeid Daneshgar Asl
Publisher:
Total Pages: 181
Release: 2010
Genre: Microelectronics
ISBN:

Download Analytical Method to Predict Locking Range in LC Injection-locked Frequency Dividers Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle

RF phase locked loops (PLLs) are widely used in CMOS RF front-end systems as frequency synthesizers or clock sources to generate local oscillating signals. One of the main issues in the design of the high frequency PLLs is the high power consumption of the divider block. One power reduction strategy is to use an analog frequency divider instead of a conventional digital divider. Among analog dividers, injection-locked frequency dividers (ILFDs) are attractive in frequency synthesizers because of their lower power consumptions compared to conventional digital dividers. The narrow locked regions of ILFDs has become a key issue for designers of ILFDs who need to know a priori the range of frequencies (locking range) over which they will operate. This has motivated extensive work in the literature towards modeling and predicting the behavior of these circuits in order to maximize their locking range. A variety of ILFD architectures with different locking ranges, operating frequencies and power consumptions has been implemented in the literature. However, there is still a lack of a comprehensive qualitative analysis and a corresponding robust design methodology for ILFD circuits in order to determine the locking range and the center frequency of the locked regions with respect to the ILFD{u2019}s design parameters for both small and large amplitudes of input injected signals. Current theories uses linear approximations that limit their accuracy and are suitable for small amplitudes of injected input signal. Therefore, as the first aim of this thesis, we consider this problem and analyze an ILFD circuit using nonlinear dynamical systems theory to extract a qualitative analysis as well as a design methodology that can be attractive for people from both the academic and industrial communities. Generally, injection-locked frequency divider circuits can be classified into two major families: Ring Oscillator based ILFDs and LC Oscillator based ILFDs. A circuit designer always has trade-offs in selecting an architecture from these two categories. The trade-offs are: for a given power budget, Ring Oscillator based ILFDs are compact and have wider locked regions but are noisy, whereas LC oscillators consume considerably more chip area and have narrower locked regions but have lower inherent noise. In this thesis, we consider a complementary differential LC ILFD which is a specific LC ILFD architecture that has excellent noise performance.

Fast Hopping Frequency Generation in Digital CMOS

Fast Hopping Frequency Generation in Digital CMOS
Author: Mohammad Farazian
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 158
Release: 2012-10-12
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1461404908

Download Fast Hopping Frequency Generation in Digital CMOS Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle

Overcoming the agility limitations of conventional frequency synthesizers in multi-band OFDM ultra wideband is a key research goal in digital technology. This volume outlines a frequency plan that can generate all the required frequencies from a single fixed frequency, able to implement center frequencies with no more than two levels of SSB mixing. It recognizes the need for future synthesizers to bypass on-chip inductors and operate at low voltages to enable the increased integration and efficiency of networked appliances. The author examines in depth the architecture of the dividers that generate the necessary frequencies from a single base frequency and are capable of establishing a fractional division ratio. Presenting the first CMOS inductorless single PLL 14-band frequency synthesizer for MB-OFDMUWB makes this volume a key addition to the literature, and with the synthesizer capable of arbitrary band-hopping in less than two nanoseconds, it operates well within the desired range on a 1.2-volt power supply. The author’s close analysis of the operation, stability, and phase noise of injection-locked regenerative frequency dividers will provide researchers and technicians with much food for developmental thought.

Design of CMOS Phase-Locked Loops

Design of CMOS Phase-Locked Loops
Author: Behzad Razavi
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 509
Release: 2020-01-30
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1108788173

Download Design of CMOS Phase-Locked Loops Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle

Using a modern, pedagogical approach, this textbook gives students and engineers a comprehensive and rigorous knowledge of CMOS phase-locked loop (PLL) design for a wide range of applications. It features intuitive presentation of theoretical concepts, built up gradually from their simplest form to more practical systems; broad coverage of key topics, including oscillators, phase noise, analog PLLs, digital PLLs, RF synthesizers, delay-locked loops, clock and data recovery circuits, and frequency dividers; tutorial chapters on high-performance oscillator design, covering fundamentals to advanced topologies; and extensive use of circuit simulations to teach design mentality, highlight design flaws, and connect theory with practice. Including over 200 thought-provoking examples highlighting best practices and common pitfalls, 250 end-of-chapter homework problems to test and enhance the readers' understanding, and solutions and lecture slides for instructors, this is the perfect text for senior undergraduate and graduate-level students and professional engineers who want an in-depth understanding of PLL design.

Introduction to Terahertz Electronics

Introduction to Terahertz Electronics
Author: Jae-Sung Rieh
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 363
Release: 2020-10-01
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 3030518426

Download Introduction to Terahertz Electronics Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle

This book provides a practical guide to terahertz electronics, especially for readers with an electronics background. The author guides readers through the all the key concepts of terahertz electronics, including terahertz sources, detectors, and waveguides, together with reviews on key terahertz applications on spectroscopy, imaging, communication, and radar. This book will serve as a handy reference for graduate students and engineers in the field of terahertz with a viewpoint from electronics. Presents the topic of terahertz from electronics viewpoint; Designed to be particularly helpful for the readers familiar with semiconductor devices and circuits; Enables optics-based terahertz researchers to understand terahertz electronics; Based on the author’s extensive experience from both industry and academia.

Analysis and Design of High-speed CMOS Frequency Dividers

Analysis and Design of High-speed CMOS Frequency Dividers
Author: Fatemehe Molainezhad
Publisher:
Total Pages: 86
Release: 2015
Genre:
ISBN: 9781321854572

Download Analysis and Design of High-speed CMOS Frequency Dividers Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle

A frequency divider is one of the most fundamental and challenging blocks used in high-speed communication systems. Three high-speed dividers with different topologies, LC-tank frequency divider, CML ring frequency divider, and CML DFF frequency divider with negative feedback, are analyzed based on the locking phenomena. The locking to the injected signal happens as long as the frequency and the amplitude of the injected signal are in the desired operation region of the divider's sensitivity curve. A phase shift (which is a function of both frequency and the amplitude of the injected signal) occurs in the circuit and the divider will be locked to the injected frequency. Locking to an external signal may not necessarily occur just by considering the frequency of the injection signal being in the locking range, even if the frequency of the injection signal is very close to the self-oscillation frequency in a wide locking range scenario without the proper injected signal amplitude. To measure the phase shift when the oscillator is locked to the injected frequency, a novel procedure is developed. This procedure gives us a very precise tool to measure the locking phase, instantaneous phase, or the phase between any two signals inside the topology loop and provides a good ability for better understanding of the injection locking concept and the behavior of the divider in the presence of an injected signal. The simulations are using transistor models from TSMC 65nm CMOS process.

Phase-Locked Loops

Phase-Locked Loops
Author: Woogeun Rhee
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 389
Release: 2024-01-11
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 111990904X

Download Phase-Locked Loops Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle

Discover the essential materials for phase-locked loop circuit design, from fundamentals to practical design aspects A phase-locked loop (PLL) is a type of circuit with a range of important applications in telecommunications and computing. It generates an output signal with a controlled relationship to an input signal, such as an oscillator which matches the phases of input and output signals. This is a critical function in coherent communication systems, with the result that the theory and design of these circuits are essential to electronic communications of all kinds. Phase-Locked Loops: System Perspectives and Circuit Design Aspects provides a concise, accessible introduction to PLL design. It introduces readers to the role of PLLs in modern communication systems, the fundamental techniques of phase-lock circuitry, and the possible applications of PLLs in a wide variety of electronic communications contexts. The first book of its kind to incorporate modern architectures and to balance theoretical fundamentals with detailed design insights, this promises to be a must-own text for students and industry professionals. The book also features: Coverage of PLL basics with insightful analysis and examples tailored for circuit designers Applications of PLLs for both wireless and wireline systems Practical circuit design aspects for modern frequency generation, frequency modulation, and clock recovery systems Phase-Locked Loops is essential for graduate students and advanced undergraduates in integrated circuit design, as well researchers and engineers in electrical and computing subjects.