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| Author | : Andrea Swei |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 464 |
| Release | : 2009 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Richard Ostfeld |
| Publisher | : OUP USA |
| Total Pages | : 231 |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0195388127 |
A review of research on the ecology of Lyme disease in North America describes how humans get sick, why some years and places are so risky and others not, and offers a new understanding that embraces the complexity of species and their interactions.
| Author | : Howard S. Ginsberg |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 224 |
| Release | : 1993 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 9780813519289 |
Lyme disease--virtually unknown in the United States only a decade ago--has now been reported from almost every state; in the Northeast, it has become a major public health crisis. Under the name of borreliosis, the disease is also common in Europe. As Americans have become aware of the hazard they face from Lyme disease, they have become anxious to know how to avoid or control the disease. But the complex ecological interactions of Lyme disease make that extremely difficult. The disease is caused by a microorganism, a spirochete, which is carried by tiny ticks. The ticks, in turn, are transported from place to place by their hosts: humans, deer, white-tailed mice, dogs, lizards, and many other animals and birds. Both ticks and their hosts serve as a reservoir for the disease. As with any tick-borne disease, the best hope of prevention lies in understanding and interrupting the lifecycle of the microorganism, its vectors, and their hosts. This book is the first attempt to survey the natural history, ecology, population dynamics, geography, and environmental management of Lyme disease. Eighteen leading American researchers on Lyme disease explain the current state of knowledge and comment candidly on the theoretical and practical advantages and difficulties with each technique of surveillance, self-protection, and tick control. The book includes suggestions for personal protection against the disease, This is an essential resource for naturalists, ecologists, physicians, nurses, epidemiologists, public health officials, entomologists, veterinarians, pest control operators, wildlife managers, town planners, and anyone concerned with Lyme disease.
| Author | : Kenneth Wilson |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 693 |
| Release | : 2019-11-14 |
| Genre | : Mathematics |
| ISBN | : 1107136563 |
Introduces readers to key case studies that illustrate how theory and data can be integrated to understand wildlife disease ecology.
| Author | : H.S. Ginsberg |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 1993 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9780183519285 |
| Author | : Sarah Freeman Weiner |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2018 |
| Genre | : Borrelia burgdorferi |
| ISBN | : |
Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis) is a tick-borne illness spread through the bite of a blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) that is infected with the bacterial spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. In recent years, there has been a notable increase in Lyme disease incidence in the northeastern United States. Ample research shows that climate can affect the survival and behavior of ticks, which could alter their patterns of contact with humans, potentially influencing the incidence of Lyme disease. Developing a reliable, easily accessible climate index to predict places and times of heightened risk for Lyme disease would be valuable for public health initiatives. In this study, I used the United States Drought Monitor to develop an interannual drought index for the questing periods of nymphal and larval blacklegged ticks. I asked whether this index could be used to predict incidence of Lyme disease in emerging and endemic regions of the northeastern United States at the county level. I compared the strength of generalized additive mixed models built using the drought index to models developed by Burtis et al. (2016) that used the number of hot, dry days (defined as days when average maximum temperature was greater than 25°C and there was no measurable precipitation) to predict interannual variation in Lyme disease incidence. Although my models were similar in strength to those of Burtis et al. (2016), the difference in real explanatory ability of any of the models that included climate variables was negligible compared to a base model that did not include weather variables. These results suggest that climate is not a practical or particularly effective way to predict interannual variation in Lyme disease incidence, and that other factors, such as location, are better predictors.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 70 |
| Release | : 2018 |
| Genre | : Electronic books |
| ISBN | : |
Lyme disease is the most prevalent tick-borne disease in the United States, which humans acquire from an infected blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis). Though Lyme disease is not generally considered to be a deadly affliction, untreated cases often result in chronic joint pain and other crippling symptoms. Early studies of Lyme disease focused on how environmental factors, such as climate and ecosystem type, aided in its geographical spread. One key factor not considered by previous research is the tick’s host preference in the presence of multiple hosts. Our mathematical model is a continuous dynamical system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that models the interactions between the primary vectors involved: blacklegged ticks (I. scapularis), white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and includes different stages in tick development. Parameters are estimated from numerous studies and the endemic levels in field studies. Based on our model, we also calculate the basic reproduction number, R0, a threshold value that designates whether a disease exists or dies out. Subsequent extensions of the model consider seasonal and migratory effects on Lyme disease spread. The seasonal extension of our base model incorporates time-varying parameters, including infection rates and death rates of specific vectors. A sensitivity analysis of parameters, specifically the time-varying infection rates, is performed to see how the length of a tick’s peak feeding period affects the long-term dynamics of the system. The results of this analysis suggest that a longer tick peak feeding period results in a higher infection prevalence. Lastly, the base model is extended to account for the migration of deer between two neighboring counties, where one is at an endemic steady state and the other is at a disease-free state. The deer migration contributed to local infectiousness in the disease-free county, which eventually reached the endemic steady state after a long period of time. A sensitivity analysis of the migration parameter demonstrated that increasing migration rates can result in increased infectivity in neighboring counties over a long period of time.
| Author | : Ryan Baker-Branstetter |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 72 |
| Release | : 2015 |
| Genre | : Borrelia burgdorferi |
| ISBN | : |
Despite the fact that eight cases of Lyme disease were diagnosed in San Luis Obispo County between 2005-2013, the identity of wildlife hosts serving as sources for tick infection in this region remained unidentified. The primary cause of Lyme disease in the U.S. is the spirochetal bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, and this agent had not been previously isolated from the region. Borrelia bissettii, a related species that has not been implicated as a common causative agent of Lyme disease, was isolated in small rodents inhabiting coastal scrub and chaparral habitats in a previous San Luis Obispo County study. However, B. burgdorferi was not detected. In northwestern California, B. burgdorferi has been primarily associated with high populations of the tick vector Ixodes pacificus in dense woodlands or hardwood-conifer habitats, particularly in the western gray squirrel reservoir host, Sciurus griseus. My study investigated the role of S. griseus and other associated rodents as potential reservoirs for B. burgdorferi in central coastal California woodland habitats. Rodents were live-trapped at four sites in San Luis Obispo County in oak and mixed woodland. Rodent ear samples were tested for B. burgdorferi genospecies by bacterial culture and PCR. Ticks were collected from captured rodents and surrounding environments and tested by PCR for the presence of Borrelia. Of 119 captured rodents, seven were positive for Borrelia infection (5.9%) and of these, six were positive for B. burgdorferi (5.0%). There were multiple infected rodent species that included two western gray squirrels, three deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), and one brush mouse (P. boylii). Borrelia spp. were not detected by PCR from the 81 ticks recovered from the environment and rodents. Here, for the first time, we verify the presence of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto in San Luis Obispo county rodents. However, in contrast to previous Northern California studies, the western gray squirrel may not be the primary reservoir host for B. burgdorferi in this region. Multiple rodent species in oak woodlands may be involved in spirochete maintenance in San Luis Obispo County.
| Author | : David D. Briske |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 664 |
| Release | : 2017-04-12 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 3319467093 |
This book is open access under a CC BY-NC 2.5 license. This book provides an unprecedented synthesis of the current status of scientific and management knowledge regarding global rangelands and the major challenges that confront them. It has been organized around three major themes. The first summarizes the conceptual advances that have occurred in the rangeland profession. The second addresses the implications of these conceptual advances to management and policy. The third assesses several major challenges confronting global rangelands in the 21st century. This book will compliment applied range management textbooks by describing the conceptual foundation on which the rangeland profession is based. It has been written to be accessible to a broad audience, including ecosystem managers, educators, students and policy makers. The content is founded on the collective experience, knowledge and commitment of 80 authors who have worked in rangelands throughout the world. Their collective contributions indicate that a more comprehensive framework is necessary to address the complex challenges confronting global rangelands. Rangelands represent adaptive social-ecological systems, in which societal values, organizations and capacities are of equal importance to, and interact with, those of ecological processes. A more comprehensive framework for rangeland systems may enable management agencies, and educational, research and policy making organizations to more effectively assess complex problems and develop appropriate solutions.
| Author | : Francesca Grifo |
| Publisher | : Island Press |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 1997-02-01 |
| Genre | : Health & Fitness |
| ISBN | : 9781559635004 |
The implications of biodiversity loss for the global environment have been widely discussed, but only recently has attention been paid to its direct and serious effects on human health. Biodiversity loss affects the spread of human diseases, causes a loss of medical models, diminishes the supplies of raw materials for drug discovery and biotechnology, and threatens food production and water quality. Biodiversity and Human Health brings together leading thinkers on the global environment and biomedicine to explore the human health consequences of the loss of biological diversity. Based on a two-day conference sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution, the book opens a dialogue among experts from the fields of public health, biology, epidemiology, botany, ecology, demography, and pharmacology on this vital but often neglected concern. Contributors discuss the uses and significance of biodiversity to the practice of medicine today, and develop strategies for conservation of these critical resources. Topics examined include: the causes and consequences of biodiversity loss emerging infectious diseases and the loss of biodiversity the significance and use of both prescription and herbal biodiversity-derived remedies indigenous and local peoples and their health care systems sustainable use of biodiversity for medicine an agenda for the future In addition to the editors, contributors include Anthony Artuso, Byron Bailey, Jensa Bell, Bhaswati Bhattacharya, Michael Boyd, Mary S. Campbell, Eric Chivian, Paul Cox, Gordon Cragg, Andrew Dobson, Kate Duffy-Mazan, Robert Engelman, Paul Epstein, Alexandra S. Fairfield, John Grupenhoff, Daniel Janzen, Catherine A. Laughin, Katy Moran, Robert McCaleb, Thomas Mays, David Newman, Charles Peters, Walter Reid, and John Vandermeer. The book provides a common framework for physicians and biomedical researchers who wish to learn more about environmental concerns, and for members of the environmental community who desire a greater understanding of biomedical issues.
