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| Author | : Martin Hoenigl |
| Publisher | : Frontiers Media SA |
| Total Pages | : 147 |
| Release | : 2020-01-21 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 2889634388 |
| Author | : Pierre Corbeau |
| Publisher | : Frontiers Media SA |
| Total Pages | : 151 |
| Release | : 2022-01-28 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 288974230X |
| Author | : Lauren H. Nagy |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2013 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9781303539886 |
Chronic immune activation in HIV infection contributes to immune dysfunction and disease progression. To date, the majority of research has focused on elucidating the role of CD4+ T cell dysfunction in chronic immune activation and inflammation in HIV infection. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that changes in the phenotype and function of antigen presenting cells (APCs) during HIV infection also contribute to chronic immune activation in HIV infection. Therefore, we sought to determine the impact of HIV infection on APC recognition, signaling, inflammatory response to pathogenic and commensal bacteria, and anti-inflammatory receptor expression and the role of these alterations in chronic immune activation and inflammation. We found that HIV infection, whether untreated or treated with HAART, enhances the sensitivity and response of APCs to microbial stimulation by upregulating expression of PRRs, specifically TLR2 and CD36. This upregulation leads to increased p38-MAPK signaling which initiates the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, TNFalpha, and IL-12/IL23p40. Thus HIV-infected patients show heightened APC proinflammatory response to both pathogenic and commensal bacteria as evidenced by the enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines. We found that beta-cyclodextrin (2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin) treatment of APCs from HIV-infected patients decreases expression of TLR2 and lowers inflammatory response to microbial stimulation in APCs, further supporting the role of TLR2 in aberrant APC response. Finally, we found HIV impairs immune cell expression and upregulation of CD200R-CD200, an inhibitory receptor-ligand pair that plays an important role in down-modulating inflammatory response. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that chronic immune activation in HIV infection alters APC phenotype and function. This, in turn, causes APCs to produce heightened levels of inflammatory cytokines that contribute to the persistence of inflammation in HIV infection, suggesting the cyclical nature of chronic immune activation and inflammation in HIV infection.
| Author | : Tamas Fulop |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 1693 |
| Release | : 2009-02-27 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 1402090633 |
This authoritative handbook covers all aspects of immunosenescence, with contributions from experts in the research and clinical areas. It examines methods and models for studying immunosenescence; genetics; mechanisms including receptors and signal transduction; clinical relevance in disease states including infections, autoimmunity, cancer, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, frailty and osteoporosis; and much more.
| Author | : Caleb E. Finch |
| Publisher | : Elsevier |
| Total Pages | : 640 |
| Release | : 2010-07-28 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0080545947 |
Written by Caleb Finch, one of the leading scientists of our time, The Biology of Human Longevity: Inflammation, Nutrition, and Aging in the Evolution of Lifespans synthesizes several decades of top research on the topic of human aging and longevity particularly on the recent theories of inflammation and its effects on human health. The book expands a number of existing major theories, including the Barker theory of fetal origins of adult disease to consider the role of inflammation and Harmon's free radical theory of aging to include inflammatory damage. Future increases in lifespan are challenged by the obesity epidemic and spreading global infections which may reverse the gains made in lowering inflammatory exposure. This timely and topical book will be of interest to anyone studying aging from any scientific angle. Author Caleb Finch is a highly influential and respected scientist, ranked in the top half of the 1% most cited scientists Provides a novel synthesis of existing ideas about the biology of longevity and aging Incorporates important research findings from several disciplines, including Gerontology, Genomics, Neuroscience, Immunology, Nutrition
| Author | : M. Brennan-Ing |
| Publisher | : Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers |
| Total Pages | : 256 |
| Release | : 2016-11-22 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 3318059463 |
Despite decades of attention on building a global HIV research and programming agenda, HIV in older populations has generally been neglected until recently. This new book focuses on HIV and aging in the context of ageism with regard to prevention, treatment guidelines, funding, and the engagement of communities and health and social service organizations. The lack of perceived HIV risk in late adulthood among older people themselves, as well on the part of providers and society in general, has led to a lack of investment in education, testing, and programmatic responses. Ageism perpetuates the invisibility of older adults and, in turn, renders current medical and social service systems unprepared to respond to patients’ needs. While ageism may lead to some advantages – discounts for services, for example – it is the negative aspects that must be addressed when determining the appropriate community-level response to the epidemic.
| Author | : Institute of Medicine |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 217 |
| Release | : 2010-11-17 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 030917712X |
The Social Security Administration (SSA) uses a screening tool called the Listing of Impairments to identify claimants who are so severely impaired that they cannot work at all and thus qualify for disability benefits. In this report, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) makes several recommendations for improving SSA's capacity for determining disability benefits more accurately and quickly using the HIV Infection Listings.
| Author | : Cecelia Hutto |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 309 |
| Release | : 2007-10-28 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 1592599656 |
A concise clinical reference that facilitates the diagnosis of intrauterine and perinatally acquired infections was the goal in creating the Congenital and Perinatal Infections: A Concise Guide to Diagnosis. Information about the natural history, m- agement, and outcome of these infections is well detailed in many other sources and so has not been included. Rather, the focus of the book is diagnosis. The initial chapters provide general information about serological and nonserological assays that are used for the diagnosis of infections, and a chapter about the placenta includes details about histopathological findings that can be helpful with the diagnosis of congenital inf- tions. The remainder of the book is devoted to the diagnosis of specific congenital and/ or perinatal infections. As illustrated in the chapters about specific infections, the approach to diagnosis of a congenital or perinatally acquired infection in the neonate begins, when possible, with consideration and diagnosis of infection in the pregnant woman, knowledge of how the infection is transmitted, and the risk of that infection for the woman and her fetus or neonate. The possibility of congenital or perinatal infection in neonates is usually considered because of the diagnosis of, or concern about a s- cific infection in, a mother during pregnancy that can be transmitted to the neonate or because of clinical findings in the neonate at birth that suggest an infectious cause.
| Author | : Anthony S. Fauci |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 159 |
| Release | : 2012-12-06 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 3642608671 |
During the last 5 years, major advances have been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and in the development of new potent antiviral agents. With regard to HIV pathogenesis, several recent observations have not only changed our perspectives of HIV disease, but have been critical for the design of therapeutic strategies.
| Author | : Brian Faung |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 44 |
| Release | : 2021 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has ameliorated substantially human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) associated disease. Even so, persons living with HIV-1 (PLWH) on ART still exhibit chronic inflammation and various forms of HIV-1-associated disorders. The continued existence of HIV-1-associated disorders is thought to result from persistent inflammation present in PLWH despite sustained viral suppression and normalization of the CD4+ T cell count. Recent literature suggests that inflammasome activation is central to persistent inflammation with the NLRP3 inflammasome being the most studied. Upon formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, the cytokines IL-1[beta] and IL-18 are produced. PLWH have increased activation of the complex that results in excess cytokine production, causing excessive inflammation. This activation is thought to contribute to a broad range of associated diseases including the early onset of aging, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive disorders. In this review, the mechanisms associated with the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in HIV-1 infected cells as well as the role of NLRP3 in persistent inflammation and HIV-associated pathogenesis are discussed. A summary of the NLRP3 inflammasome in HIV pathogenesis and inflammation as well as its role in other diseases will be given. Consequently, possible therapeutics using NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors will also be discussed. By understanding the NLRP3 inflammasome and its connection to HIV-1, effective methods to treat HIV-1-associated diseases caused by excessive inflammation can be identified.
