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| Author | : Ahmet Emre Karatas |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : J. Lahaye |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 429 |
| Release | : 2013-04-17 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1468444638 |
Our interest in Mulhouse for carbon black and soot began some 30 years ago when J.B. Donnet developed the concept of surface chemistry of carbon and its involvement in interactions with gas, liquid and solid phases. In the late sixties, we began to study soot formation in pyrolytic systems and later on in flames. The idea of organ1z1ng a meeting on soot formation originated some four or five years ago, through discussions among Professor J.B. Howard, Dr. A. D'Alessio and ourselves. At that time the scientific community was becoming aware of the necessity to strictly control soot formation and emission. Being involved in the study of surface properties of carbon black as well as of formation of soot, we realized that the combustion community was not always fully aware of the progress made by the physical-chemists on carbon black. Reciprocally, the carbon specialists were often ignoring the research carried out on soot in flames. One objective of this workshop was to stimulate discussions between these two scientific communities. During the preparation of the meeting, and especially during the review process by the Material Science Committee of the Scientific Affairs Division of N.A.T.O. the toxicological aspect emerged as being an important component to be addressed during the workshop. To reflect these preoccupations we invited biologists, physical chemists and engineers, all leaders in their field. The final programme is a compromise of the different aspects of the subject and was divided in five sessions.
| Author | : Gorngrit Intasopa |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 208 |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9780494761816 |
Methane-air, ethane-air, and n-heptane-air over-ventilated co-flow laminar diffusion flames were studied up to pressures of 2.03, 1.52, and 0.51 MPa, respectively, to determine the effect of pressure on flame shape, soot concentration, and temperature. A spectral soot emission optical diagnostic method was used to obtain the spatially resolved soot formation and temperature data. In all cases, soot formation was enhanced by pressure, but the pressure sensitivity decreased as pressure was increased. The maximum fuel carbon conversion to soot, etamax, was approximated by a power law dependence with the pressure exponent of 0.92 between 0.51 and 1.01 MPa, and 0.68 between 1.01 and 2.03 MPa with etamax=9.5% at 2.03 MPa for methane-air flames. For ethane-air flames, the pressure exponent was 1.57 between 0.20 and 0.51 MPa, 1.08 between 0.51 and 1.01 MPa, and 0.58 between 1.01 and 1.52 MPa where etamax=23% at 1.52 MPa. For nitrogen-diluted n-heptane-air flames, etamax=6.5% at 0.51 MPa.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2003 |
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Soot volume fraction (f[subscript sv]) is measured quantitatively in a laminar diffusion flame at elevated pressures up to 25 atmospheres as a function of fuel type in order to gain a better understanding of the effects of pressure on the soot formation process. Methane and ethylene are used as fuels; methane is chosen since it is the simplest hydrocarbon while ethylene represents a larger hydrocarbon with a higher propensity to soot. Soot continues to be of interest because it is a sensitive indicator of the interactions between combustion chemistry and fluid mechanics and a known pollutant. To examine the effects of increased pressure on soot formation, Laser Induced Incandescence (LII) is used to obtain the desired temporally and spatially resolved, instantaneous f[subscript sv] measurements as the pressure is incrementally increased up to 25 atmospheres. The effects of pressure on the physical characteristics of the flame are also observed. A laser light extinction method that accounts for signal trapping and laser attenuation is used for calibration that results in quantitative results. The local peak f[subscript sv] is found to scale with pressure as p[superscript 1.2] for methane and p[superscript 1.7] for ethylene.
| Author | : Adriana Elizabeth Daca |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2015 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Kenneth W. Van Treuren |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 111 |
| Release | : 1978 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This investigation deals with a liquid fuel diffusion flame and examines the use of the smoke point test as a means of qualitatively measuring the ability of a fuel to produce soot relative to other fuels. Results indicate the necessity of controlling the initial conditions in order to obtain meaningful measurements. This thesis reports a new technique for the smoke point determination that has proved to be more accurate and reproduceable than previous methods. Recent studies indicate water addition in a premixed flame chemically suppresses soot formation. As a result, addition of water inside a diffusion flame is a likely direction to pursue. Both water in fuel emulsions and direct steam injection were used in the present investigation. The results indicate a dominant thermal effect and a possible secondary chemical effect of water on soot formation. Blending of various fuel types reveals the domination of an aromatic fuel over an aliphatic when determining a combined smoke point of the mixture. Applying this information to alternative hydrocarbon fuels, the oil shale and coal derived fuels, having a higher percentage of aromatics than conventional fuels, produce soot more readily than their petroleum derived counterparts. Testing of oil shale and conventional fuels supplied by the Air Force verifies this result.
| Author | : Meghdad Saffaripour |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2013 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Tongfeng Zhang |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2018 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
In the present thesis, fundamental experimental and numerical studies are performed for the soot formation of liquid fuel relevant compounds. The thesis is composed of four research studies. The first develops an improved data analysis approach for the combined laser extinction and two-angle elastic light scattering diagnostics to relate the various measured optical cross sections to soot aggregate properties. Compared to previously reported studies, the proposed approach can be applied to a wider range of soot sources by removing the assumption made to scattering regime or moment ratio of aggregate size distribution. The second study investigates the effects of n-propylbenzene addition to n-dodecane on soot formation and aggregate structure in a laminar coflow diffusion flame using the combined laser extinction and two-angle elastic light scattering method. It is shown that the relative importance of soot inception and surface growth affected by n-propylbenzene addition is different along the flame wing and centerline, with the aromatic fuel chemistry effect being stronger along the centerline. The third study extends the investigation on the same issue using a numerical model. The simulation results show that mixing n-propylbenzene into the liquid fuel mixture accelerates soot inception, and increases soot surface growth per unit surface area by PAH addition, while soot surface growth per unit surface area by HACA is shown to decrease modestly with n-propylbenzene addition. The fourth and final study investigates the soot formation from jet fuel in a laminar coflow diffusion flame using both numerical and experimental methods. The results demonstrate the robustness of the soot model to changes of fuel and also show that the HyChem model (i.e., lumped fuel breakdown approach, Xu et al., 2017) can be used to predict soot formation from real jet fuel combustion in laminar coflow diffusion flames by adding a PAH growth scheme to the model.
| Author | : Henning Bockhorn |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 595 |
| Release | : 2013-03-08 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 3642851673 |
Soot Formation in Combustion represents an up-to-date overview. The contributions trace back to the 1991 Heidelberg symposium entitled "Mechanism and Models of Soot Formation" and have all been reedited by Prof. Bockhorn in close contact with the original authors. The book gives an easy introduction to the field for newcomers, and provides detailed treatments for the specialists. The following list of contents illustrates the topics under review:
| Author | : Charles E. Baukal Jr. |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 779 |
| Release | : 2013-03-15 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1439862303 |
Combustion technology has traditionally been dominated by air/fuel combustion. However, two developments have increased the significance of oxygen-enhanced combustion-new technologies that produce oxygen less expensively and the increased importance of environmental regulations. Advantages of oxygen-enhanced combustion include less pollutant emissi
