Roll-to-roll nanomanufacturing is the next generation processing technique with advantages of high throughput and low cost, beneficial for manufacturing functional materials for flexible electrons, medical device and filtration applications. Roll-to-roll processing combining external electric field to organize nanoparticles in polymer films provides a unique processing path fabricate the nanocomposites with directionally ordered structures which exhibit significantly enhanced properties in field direction.The first part of this study presents a simple, low cost and commercially viable method to manufacture multifunctional nanocomposites with directionally ordered structures. The manufacturing of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) film with "Z" aligned graphite nanoparticles by application of electric field is achieved continuously on a roll-to-roll processing line. The "Z" aligned nanocomposite films exhibit significantly enhanced dielectric permittivity, electrical and thermal conductivity through the thickness direction. The second study develops a novel roll-to-roll processing method for "Z" alignment of barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles in polystyrene (PS)/toluene solution systems, which broadens the choice of polymers to use as matrix to manufacture functional films with anisotropic structure. This is accomplished by applying electric field to a two-layer solution film cast on a carrier: the top layer is a sacrificial layer contacting the electrode and the bottom one is the composite layer. The "Z" aligned nanocomposite films show substantially increased dielectric permittivity for enhancing the performance of capacitors.The third study proposes a three-layer wound dressing with "Z" aligned superabsorbent particles by using the processing method developed in previous study. This resulting wound dressing preferentially expands in thickness direction after absorbing water, thus reducing the lateral stress between the dressing and wound. The aligned wound dressings could achieve up to 33% smaller lateral expansion than the film with random particles. Compared to irregular shape particles, rod-like particles with higher aspect ratio are more effective to improve anisotropic swelling and reduce lateral expansion.The final study demonstrates the formation of dispersed and bicontinuous morphology of PS and PMMA blends with the interface coated by silica nanoparticles modified with PS-r-PMMA copolymer. The effect of the solvent evaporation rate, blend compositions, particle loading and size on the resulting morphology is systematically investigated. The vertical alignment of PMMA phase with dense nanoparticle coated interface by the application of electric field is investigated. The effect of dielectric constant of nanoparticles on their reorganization at the interface under electric field demonstrated.