Reforming Juvenile Justice

Reforming Juvenile Justice
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 463
Release: 2013-05-22
Genre: Law
ISBN: 0309278937

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Adolescence is a distinct, yet transient, period of development between childhood and adulthood characterized by increased experimentation and risk-taking, a tendency to discount long-term consequences, and heightened sensitivity to peers and other social influences. A key function of adolescence is developing an integrated sense of self, including individualization, separation from parents, and personal identity. Experimentation and novelty-seeking behavior, such as alcohol and drug use, unsafe sex, and reckless driving, are thought to serve a number of adaptive functions despite their risks. Research indicates that for most youth, the period of risky experimentation does not extend beyond adolescence, ceasing as identity becomes settled with maturity. Much adolescent involvement in criminal activity is part of the normal developmental process of identity formation and most adolescents will mature out of these tendencies. Evidence of significant changes in brain structure and function during adolescence strongly suggests that these cognitive tendencies characteristic of adolescents are associated with biological immaturity of the brain and with an imbalance among developing brain systems. This imbalance model implies dual systems: one involved in cognitive and behavioral control and one involved in socio-emotional processes. Accordingly adolescents lack mature capacity for self-regulations because the brain system that influences pleasure-seeking and emotional reactivity develops more rapidly than the brain system that supports self-control. This knowledge of adolescent development has underscored important differences between adults and adolescents with direct bearing on the design and operation of the justice system, raising doubts about the core assumptions driving the criminalization of juvenile justice policy in the late decades of the 20th century. It was in this context that the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) asked the National Research Council to convene a committee to conduct a study of juvenile justice reform. The goal of Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach was to review recent advances in behavioral and neuroscience research and draw out the implications of this knowledge for juvenile justice reform, to assess the new generation of reform activities occurring in the United States, and to assess the performance of OJJDP in carrying out its statutory mission as well as its potential role in supporting scientifically based reform efforts.

Start Here

Start Here
Author: Greg Berman
Publisher: The New Press
Total Pages: 128
Release: 2018-03-06
Genre: Law
ISBN: 1620972247

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As heard on NPR's Fresh Air Recommended by The New York Times' Sam Roberts “Start Here is an urgent and timely primer on the approaches that are working and don’t require federal approval or political revolution to end one of the most pressing justice issues the country faces today.” —Brooklyn Daily Eagle A bold agenda for criminal justice reform based on equal parts pragmatism and idealism, from the visionary director of the Center for Court Innovation, a leader of the reform movement Everyone knows that the United States leads the world in incarceration, and that our political process is gridlocked. What can be done right now to reduce the number of people sent to jail and prison? This essential book offers a concrete roadmap for both professionals and general readers who want to move from analysis to action. In this forward-looking, next-generation criminal justice reform book, Greg Berman and Julian Adler of the Center for Court Innovation highlight the key lessons from these programs—engaging the public in preventing crime, treating all defendants with dignity and respect, and linking people to effective community-based interventions rather than locking them up. Along the way, they tell a series of gripping stories, highlighting gang members who have gotten their lives back on track, judges who are transforming their courtrooms, and reformers around the country who are rethinking what justice looks like. While Start Here offers no silver bullets, it does put forth a suite of proven reforms—from alternatives to bail to diversion programs for mentally ill defendants—that will improve the lives of thousands of people right now. Start Here is a must-read for everyone who wants to start dismantling mass incarceration without waiting for a revolution or permission. Proceeds from the book will support the Center for Court Innovation's reform efforts.

The Limits of Institutional Reform in Development

The Limits of Institutional Reform in Development
Author: Matt Andrews
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 267
Release: 2013-02-11
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1139619640

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Developing countries commonly adopt reforms to improve their governments yet they usually fail to produce more functional and effective governments. Andrews argues that reforms often fail to make governments better because they are introduced as signals to gain short-term support. These signals introduce unrealistic best practices that do not fit developing country contexts and are not considered relevant by implementing agents. The result is a set of new forms that do not function. However, there are realistic solutions emerging from institutional reforms in some developing countries. Lessons from these experiences suggest that reform limits, although challenging to adopt, can be overcome by focusing change on problem solving through an incremental process that involves multiple agents.

The First Step Act of 2018 and Prison Reform

The First Step Act of 2018 and Prison Reform
Author: Federal Sentencing Alliance
Publisher:
Total Pages: 130
Release: 2019-07-07
Genre:
ISBN: 9781079037050

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Federal Sentencing Alliance is pleased to provide you with an analysis of recidivism reduction programs and productive activities that many federal inmates may engage in full time to earn prison time credits for earlier release under The First Step Act Of 2018. The First Step Act Of 2018 is also included in this publication, as reformatted in an easy to read text.Time credits are earned from participation and successful completion of recidivism reduction programs and/or many other productive activities, while incarcerated in the federal Bureau Of Prisons. The primary focus of this publication relates to "how to" identify (evidence based) recidivism reduction programs; and "how to" earn recidivism reduction program time credits and/or productive activity time credits, for inmates that otherwise qualify to participate in these programs and activities. (Inmates serving sentences imposed as a result of being convicted of offenses ineligible for earned time credits are found at 18 U. S. Code § 3632 (d)(D)(2019). Inmates convicted of those enumerated offenses do not qualify for participation in the early release time credit programs that are the subjects of this book. Inmates are encouraged to look at the disqualification list to ensure their own qualification for these programs.) The types of programs an inmate can participate in for earned time credits is dependent upon the results of an initial recidivism risk and needs assessment to be completed after July 19, 2019; and how they score on that assessment initially. For those inmates that achieve a low or minimal recidivism risk assessment, engaging in productive activities will result in earned time credits. For those that are assessed moderate or higher risk of recidivism, time credits can be earned through participation in recidivism reduction programs offered at the facility. It is likely that various programs will be initially available at various Bureau Of Prison facilities at different times during the implementation process. This book details six separate evidence based recidivism reductions programs widely in use in United States Prison Systems at the time of this publication. The purpose of this book is to wade through and clarify the earned time credit provisions of the First Step Act Of 2018, and to foster an inmate's use of those provisions to better his or her own life in the process. These programs are all geared toward 'learning', which by definition aids in personal and professional growth, makes available time easier to bear, and gives one hope for the future. The First Step Act Of 2018 earned time credit programs will invariably give thousands of federal inmate's a new found purpose while incarcerated, and provide them with a vast array of educational tools that were not utilized by many of them prior to their incarceration. This informational publication is for anyone desiring to learn more about The First Step Act Of 2018 prison time credits that may be earned by inmates for successful completion of recidivism reduction programs and/or productive activities while incarcerated. Some inmates may be able to reduce their prison incarceration by up to half.Federal Sentencing Alliance is not associated with the United States Congress, the Bureau Of Prisons, or any agency or department of the United States. Federal Sentencing Alliance is a national consortium of federal sentencing mitigation specialists, federal sentencing legal writers, and supervisory members, that works directly with law firms based in the United States for all federal sentencing assignments. The information provided in this publication does not constitute legal advice, and is provided solely to foster critical thinking regarding the topics covered. Please consult with an attorney for legal advice regarding the particulars of your case.Please visit our Websites: www.FederalSentencingAlliance.com & www.FederalSentencingGuidelines.us (Sentencing Guidelines Word Version)

State and Laid-Off Workers in Reform China

State and Laid-Off Workers in Reform China
Author: Yongshun Cai
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 209
Release: 2006-01-31
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 1134204167

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In the 1990s, the Chinese government launched an unprecedented reform of state enterprises, putting tens of millions of people out of work. This empirically rich study calls on comprehensive surveys and interviews, combining quantitative data with qualitative in its examination of the variation in workers' collective action. Cai investigates the difference in interests of and options available to workers that reduce their solidarity, as well as the obstacles that prevent their coordination. In addition, and perhaps more importantly, this book explores the Chinese Government’s policies and how their feedback shaped workers’ incentives and capacity of action.

Implementation of National Supply Reduction Strategy

Implementation of National Supply Reduction Strategy
Author: United States House of Representatives
Publisher:
Total Pages: 48
Release: 2019-11-14
Genre:
ISBN: 9781708283476

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Implementation of national supply reduction strategy: hearing before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human Resources of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, September 17, 2003.

Conflict and Fragility Linking Security System Reform and Armed Violence Reduction Programming Note

Conflict and Fragility Linking Security System Reform and Armed Violence Reduction Programming Note
Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Total Pages: 53
Release: 2011-03-30
Genre:
ISBN: 9264107215

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To help experts and practitioners working to tackle the problem of armed violence, three Programming Notes build on the 2009 publication entitled Armed Violence Reduction: Enabling Development. These three notes cover: Armed violence in urban areas ...

Corruption and Government

Corruption and Government
Author: Susan Rose-Ackerman
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 643
Release: 2016-03-07
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1107081203

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This new edition of a 1999 classic shows how institutionalized corruption can be fought through sophisticated political-economic reform.

The Tides of Reform

The Tides of Reform
Author: Paul Charles Light
Publisher: Yale University Press
Total Pages: 308
Release: 1997-01-01
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 9780300076578

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During the past fifty years, the Congresses and presidents of the United States have made many efforts to improve the performance of the federal government. In this book, a leading expert in public management examines the most important reform statutes passed and concludes that the problem is not too little reform but too much. Paul Light explains that Congress and the presidency have never decided whether they trust government and its employees to do their jobs well, and so they have moved back and forth over the decades between four reform philosophies: scientific management, war on waste, watchful eye, and liberation management. These four philosophies, argues Light, operate with different goals, implementation strategies, and impacts. Yet reform initiatives draw on one or another of them almost at random, often canceling out the potential benefits of a particular statute by passing a contradictory statute soon afterward. Light shows that as the public has become increasingly distrustful of government, the reform agenda has favored the war on waste and watchful eye. He analyzes the consequences of these changes for the overall performance of government and offers policy recommendations for future reform approaches.