Fiscal Policy Implications for Labor Market Outcomes in Middle-Income Countries

Fiscal Policy Implications for Labor Market Outcomes in Middle-Income Countries
Author: Ara Stepanyan
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 24
Release: 2015-01-23
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1498316212

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Many governments have initiated public employment programs or expanded the existing ones in response to high unemployment. However, in many middle-income countries, a relatively large government coexists with persistently high unemployment. This paper explores the question of whether public employment gives rise to distortions in the labor market in the medium to long-run. Our findings do not provide any evidence that public employment reduces unemployment rate. The analysis in this paper shows that large public employment does significantly affect labor market outcomes in middle-income countries and leads to job destruction in the private sector. The extent of the impact is largely influenced by the degree of substitutability between public and private production and the size of the rents in the public sector.

Labour Market and Fiscal Policy Adjustments to Shocks

Labour Market and Fiscal Policy Adjustments to Shocks
Author: Nombulelo Gumata
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 617
Release: 2017-12-18
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 3319665200

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This book focuses on the implications of the South African labour market dynamics including labour market reforms and fiscal policy for monetary policy and financial stability. Evidence suggests there are benefits in adopting an approach that coordinates labour market policies and reforms, fiscal policy, price and financial stability. In particular, the benefits of coordinating policies present policymakers with policy options in cases where they are confronted by binding policy trade-offs and dilemmas, such as in cases when there is divergence in price and financial and economic growth outcomes. The empirical insights and policy recommendations are based on different techniques that include the counterfactual and endogenous-exogenous approaches, non-linearities introduced by thresholds and the impact of persistent and transitory shock effects. Themes covered in the book include various aspects of labour market conditions and reforms and their link to inflation and inflation expectations, the impact of the national minimum wage, the interaction between public and private sector wage inflation, economic policy uncertainty and employment, government debt thresholds, sovereign yields and debt ratings downgrades, labour productivity, the impact of inflation regimes on expansionary fiscal and monetary policy multipliers, the increase in government cost of funding on price and financial stability and the link between fiscal policy and credit dynamics.

A Fiscal Job? An Analysis of Fiscal Policy and the Labor Market

A Fiscal Job? An Analysis of Fiscal Policy and the Labor Market
Author: Ms.Elva Bova
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 27
Release: 2014-12-12
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1498330479

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This paper examines the impact of fiscal policy on employment through the lenses of Okun’s Law. Looking at the panel of OECD countries over the past three decades, we find that fiscal policy can affect employment beyond the impact it is traditionally assumed to exert through the output multiplier. In particular, this impact is found to be effective for most items of current discretionary expenditure and for corporate income taxes and social security contributions. Okun’s Law is found to be stable under almost all model specifications, but higher spending on subsidies and lower social security contributions can amplify the impact of the output gap on employment gaps.

The Economic Theory of Fiscal Policy

The Economic Theory of Fiscal Policy
Author: Bent Hansen
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 469
Release: 2014-04-04
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1317833511

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The book explores whether fiscal policies can secure full employment without inflation, one of the key questions in economics after Keynes. Part 1, General Theory of Public Finance and Fiscal Policy, discusses Ends and Means in economic policy. The results of this ends-means analysis are applied to fiscal policy. Part 2, Microeconomics, deals with the impact of fiscal measures on the behaviour of the individual household, firm and other organization, concentrating on the effects on consumption and saving. Part 3, Macroeconomics, considers how the problem of keeping the price-level constant and the labour market in equilibrium at full employment may be solved by means of fiscal and monetary measures. Problems connected with the volume of investments and the balance of payments are considered simultaneously.

Labor and Product Market Reforms in Advanced Economies

Labor and Product Market Reforms in Advanced Economies
Author: Angana Banerji
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 120
Release: 2017-03-13
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1475583974

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Product and labor market reforms are needed to lift persistently sluggish growth in advanced economies. But reforms have progressed slowly because of concerns about their distributive and short-term economic effects. Our analysis, based on new empirical and numerical analysis and country case-studies shows that most labor and product market reforms can improve public debt dynamics over the medium-term. This because reforms raise output by boosting employment and/or labor productivity. But the effect of some labor market reforms on budgetary outcomes and fiscal sustainability depends critically on business cycle conditions. Our evidence also suggests that some temporary and well-designed up-front fiscal stimulus can help enhance the economic impact of reforms. In the past, countries have used fiscal incentives in the past to facilitate reforms by alleviating transition and social costs. But strong ownership of reforms was crucial for their successful implementation.

Fiscal Policy and Employment in Advanced and Emerging Economies

Fiscal Policy and Employment in Advanced and Emerging Economies
Author: International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 70
Release: 2012-06-15
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1498340458

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This paper discusses tax and expenditure policy reforms to raise employment. Using data for 58 advanced and emerging economies, the paper provides a unified assessment of tax and expenditure measures that have usually been addressed separately. The focus is on incentives to increase labor demand and supply rather than on the impact of fiscal policy on employment through aggregate demand effects. It also discusses policies to improve the matching of labor supply and demand, and the principles which should guide the design of country-specific fiscal reforms to boost employment. A comprehensive set of tables on fiscal policies and labor market outturns for advanced and emerging economies is provided, permitting cross-country comparisons to facilitate the design of reform strategies.

Fiscal Policy and the Labour Market

Fiscal Policy and the Labour Market
Author: Pedro Gomes
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2010
Genre:
ISBN:

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I build a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with search and matching frictions and two sectors in order to study the labour market effects of public sector employment and wages. Public sector wages plays an important role in achieving the efficient allocation. High wages induce too many unemployed to queue for public sector jobs, while if they are low, the government faces recruitment problems. The optimal steady-state wage premium depends mainly on the labour market friction parameters. In response to technology shocks, it is optimal to have procyclical public sector wages. Deviations from the optimal policy can increase the volatility of unemployment significantly. Public sector wage and employment shocks have mixed effects on unemployment. A wage shock raises the unemployment rate, while a reduction in the separations lowers it. Hiring more people can increase or decrease the unemployment rate. All shocks raise the wage and crowd out employment in the private sector. In the empirical part, I employ Bayesian methods to estimate the parameters of the model for the United States. I find that the direct search mechanism between the two sectors is an important element to explain business cycle fluctuations of the labour market variables. -- public sector employment, public sector wages, unemployment, fiscal shocks

Full Employment and High Growth in Europe

Full Employment and High Growth in Europe
Author: M. Baldassarri
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 262
Release: 2003-11-10
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1403937362

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Mario Baldassarri and Francesco Busato evaluate the impact produced by a new cycle of structural reforms over European Union economies. The structural reforms concern the size and the composition of government expenditure, the good and services markets, and the labour market. The book illustrates how the key challenge for European countries is not to discuss how policies could be implemented (e.g. fiscal policy competition Vs fiscal policy coordination), but to implement them.

Re-examining Monetary and Fiscal Policy for the 21st Century

Re-examining Monetary and Fiscal Policy for the 21st Century
Author: Philip Arestis
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Total Pages: 232
Release: 2004
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN:

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This book provides a much-needed re-examination of monetary and fiscal policies, their application in the real world and their potential for macroeconomic policy in the 21st century. It provides a detailed discussion and critique of the 'new consensus' in macroeconomics along with the monetary and fiscal policies encapsulated within it. The authors argue that monetary policy is an ineffective means of controlling inflation and, if not used properly, can also have detrimental effects on the supply-side of the economy. They further contend that fiscal policy remains a potent instrument for influencing aggregate demand. Using detailed analysis the authors emphasise the role of capacity constraints as possible inflation barriers and argue against the NAIRU as a labour market phenomenon. The book concludes by critically examining the economic policies of the European Economic and Monetary Union. Written by two of the leading scholars in the field, this provocative new volume is concise, well argued and rich in new insights. It will interest all those concerned with the current problems and future development of monetary and fiscal policy.