Exploring Relationships Among Passion, Self-Compassion, Fear of Self-Compassion, Deliberate Practice, and Performance in Canadian Women's Fastpitch Athletes

Exploring Relationships Among Passion, Self-Compassion, Fear of Self-Compassion, Deliberate Practice, and Performance in Canadian Women's Fastpitch Athletes
Author: Candice Lee VanHorn
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Total Pages: 0
Release: 2019
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Research has been conducted on passion through a variety of activities, including sport. Passion, according to Vallerand et al. (2003), is "a strong inclination toward an activity that individuals like [or love], that they find important, in which they invest time and energy, and which comes to be internalized into one's identity" (p. 507). Defined by the dualistic model of passion, harmonious passion describes a passion freely chosen because it had become valuable and meaningful to a person; conversely, obsessive passion describes a passion where individuals feel compelled to participate because some feelings of social acceptance, self-esteem, etc. are attached to the activity (Mageau et al., 2009; Rousseau, Vallerand, Ratelle, Mageau, & Provencher, 2002; Vallerand, 2012; Vallerand et al., 2003, 2006, 2007). A review of the literature shows harmonious passion relates positively to positive emotions such as enjoyment, higher self-esteem, and self-compassion (e.g. Kowalski, Mack, & Sabiston, 2015); whereas obsessive passion relates positively to negative factors of well-being such as guilt, anxiety, rumination (Mageau, Carpentier, & Vallerand, 2011; Mageau & Vallerand, 2007; Mageau et al., 2009), and a lack of self-compassion (Schellenberg, Bailis, & Mosewich, 2016). While self-compassion serves to manage through emotionally difficult experiences in sport in effectively healthy ways, a fear of self-compassion can have an effect on whether a person (athlete) displays self-compassion. In this study, participants were players on a female, elite, team sport (N = 26). These athletes completed an online survey that included measures of deliberate practice (Helsen, Starkes, & Hodges, 1998), passion (Vallerand et al., 2003), self-compassion (Neff, 2003), and fear of self-compassion (Gilbert et al., 2011). Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses describe ii the sample. Findings show higher levels of harmonious passion than obsessive passion, low levels of deliberate practice both in and out of season, moderate levels of self-compassion, and low levels of fear of self-compassion. In terms of correlations, there was a significant moderate positive correlation between harmonious and obsessive passion, and a significant strong negative correlation between self-compassion and fear of self-compassion, as well as a significant strong positive correlation between strikeouts (pitcher-only statistic) and in-season deliberate practice.

Young Women Athletes' Self-conscious Emotions and Self-compassion

Young Women Athletes' Self-conscious Emotions and Self-compassion
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Release: 2008
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Athletic environments subject athletes to evaluation not only on performance, but also on appearance (Krane et al., 2001). This likely facilitates self-conscious emotions, which have a self-evaluative focus (Leary, 2004; Tracy & Robins, 2004). However, self-compassion might serve as a buffer against the self-conscious emotions by countering self-evaluative processes. The purpose of this study was to explore the relations between self-conscious emotions (i.e., shame, guilt, authentic pride, and hubristic pride) and self-evaluative thoughts and behaviours (i.e., social physique anxiety, obligatory exercise, objectified body consciousness, fear of failure, and fear of negative evaluation) for young women aged 13 -18 involved in high school sport (N = 151). The role of self-compassion as a moderator variable between self-conscious emotions and self-evaluative thoughts and behaviours was also explored. Consistent with the contention that shame and hubristic pride may be less adaptive than guilt and authentic pride, shame and hubristic pride showed positive relations with fear of failure (r = .26 and .20, respectively) and fear of negative evaluation (r = .21 and .21, respectively). Hubristic pride was also positively related to objectified body consciousness (r = .32). Conversely, guilt and authentic pride showed negative relations with objectified body consciousness (r = -.20 and -.34, respectively). Authentic pride also showed negative relations to fear of failure (r = -.38) and fear of negative evaluation (r = -.37). Self-compassion was negatively related to shame (r = -.32) and positively related to authentic pride (r = .42), but had no relation with guilt and hubristic pride. Self-compassion was also negatively related with social physique anxiety (r = -.39), objectified body consciousness (r = -.34), fear of failure (r = -.38), and fear of negative evaluation (r = -.37). Additionally, self-compassion was found to explain variance beyond self-esteem on objectified b.

Enhancing Self-compassion in Athletes

Enhancing Self-compassion in Athletes
Author: Alaina Flegar
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2021
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ISBN:

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The nature of sport competition involves athletes being compared and ranked based on athletic ability, with athletes invariably confronted by potential threat of subjective and objective failure within their sport context. Given this circumstance and the extraordinary amount of pressure athletes often experience, developing an ability to be kind towards oneself in the face of perceived failure could be an important part of sport training. This study evaluated the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a 4-week self-guided online self-compassion program for athletes. Eighty competitive athletes who participate in time-based sports were recruited from sport organizations and randomly assigned to either a 4-week self-compassion program or a wait-list control. Participants in both groups completed pre- and post-study self-report measures of self-compassion, mindfulness, general anxiety, sport-related anxiety, and perceived sport performance. Objective athletic performance was obtained through performance logs. Results indicated that the self-compassion program was of interest to sport organizations and athletes. However, attrition was high and there were challenges with program adherence. Linear mixed model analyses revealed that relative to the wait-list control, participants in the self-compassion group demonstrated significantly greater improvement in overall levels of self-compassion, the self-compassion element of common humanity, and the mindfulness facet Observe. No significant differences between the groups were found for measures of anxiety and perceived and objective sport performance. Factors influencing compliance with online self-compassion programs such as participant readiness and fears of self-compassion are explored. Program efficacy, study limitations, and directions for future research are also discussed. While the self-compassion program is feasible, challenges in program adherence need to be addressed in future studies. Future research should continue formulating the concept of self-compassion in sport to reflect the needs and interests of athletes, consider including several formats and methods of program delivery, add a motivational component to address barriers to participation and program adherence, and work in collaboration with sport coaches and teams.

RESET

RESET
Author: Ashley Lynn Kuchar
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Total Pages: 0
Release: 2022
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ISBN:

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Student-athletes often believe that self-criticism is necessary to avoid complacency, but this response can lead to anxiety and stress. Research shows that self-compassion is an adaptive way to cope with mistakes and adversities (see Ferrari et al., 2019; Röthlin et al., 2019 for review). Although there are many benefits of self-compassion, fear that self-compassion harms performance may discourage athletes from adopting this approach (e.g., Ferguson et al., 2015). This study developed and tested an online self-compassion intervention called Resilience and Enhancement in Sport, Exercise and Training (RESET) designed specifically for NCAA student-athletes, seeking to help athletes respond more effectively to mistakes, failures, and adversity. RESET was designed for a broader student-athlete population and is the first to adapt the Mindful Self-Compassion program (MSC; Neff & Germer, 2013) for athletes. Within-group analyses (paired t-tests) and between-group analyses (multilevel modeling) were used to assess the effectiveness of the intervention on athletes’ ability to cope with failure, improve well-being, and increase perceived sport performance. Compared to the waitlist control (n = 102, 70% women), athletes who participated in the RESET training (n = 148, 90% women) experienced significant increases in self-compassion from Time 1 to Time 2 as well as significant decreases in fear of self-compassion and state self-criticism. They also displayed improvements in perceived performance (i.e., athlete-rated performance, coach-rated performance) compared to the waitlist control. Despite observing significant improvements on well-being (reduced depression, anxiety, stress) in the within-group analyses, no statistically significant changes were found for any of the well-being measures in the between-group analyses. Notably, a main effect of gender was found for athlete-rated performance indicating that men athletes reported higher performance than women athletes. Program evaluation measures, including participant testimonials, extend the quantitative findings and demonstrate that through this accessible online intervention, student-athletes and coaches learned adaptive coping skills that are applicable to sport and other life domains. Future research should explore long-term benefits of the RESET training on various coping, well-being, and performance measures

Journeying Through Sport with Self-compassion

Journeying Through Sport with Self-compassion
Author: Danae M. Frentz
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2022
Genre: Athletes
ISBN:

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In high-level sport, there is often an overemphasis on performance which can lead to a decline in athletes' physical health, mental well-being, and quality of life (Douglas & Carless, 2009; Smith, 2010). Development of adaptive coping resources, such as self-compassion, may help mitigate threats to well-being (Mosewich, Ferguson, et al., 2019). The purpose of this study was to explore how women athletes high in self-compassion story their journey through sport as well as their experiences of navigating pressure and struggle. Three women athletes high in self-compassion were invited to take part in two loosely structured one-on-one interviews, as part of a narrative approach to learn about their sport careers, stories, and experiences (Riessman, 2008). Both narrative thematic and structural analyses were undertaken to help capture the rich descriptions of athletes' experiences as well as the overarching structure of their narrative accounts. Each athlete narrative greatly deviated from the narrative of performance, which is typically a dominant narrative in sport (Douglas & Carless, 2006). Specifically, athletes' shared narratives of Rediscovery, Balance, and Redefining. Additionally, instead of being consumed by performance, these athletes demonstrated an active desire to invest in other aspects of their lives such as key relationships and future career aspirations. Such findings suggest the presence of counter-stories or alternative narratives that may assist future athletes in storying their lives in more meaningful ways. By exploring how self-compassionate athletes story their experiences, we can glean valuable information regarding the language they use to describe and apply self-compassion within sport. These findings can help tailor practical applications of self-compassion among athlete populations.

Self-Compassion, Psychological Flexibility, Hardiness, and a Hint of Harmonious Passion

Self-Compassion, Psychological Flexibility, Hardiness, and a Hint of Harmonious Passion
Author: Erin Marquise Harris
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Total Pages: 0
Release: 2022
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Due to the recognition that sport related injury be approached from a biopsychosocial perspective, there has been a push for deeper psychological exploration in research. This has led to interest in two main areas: 1) identifying the psychological variables that may play a role in making an athlete more prone to injury, and 2) an athlete's emotional, cognitive, and behavioural response to injury and how they influence the rehabilitation process (Almeida et al., 2014). As a result, the study presented in this dissertation explored the psychological factors believed to be important to athlete health. Using path analysis, two path models were presented and tested. The first model depicts the interaction between harmonious passion, self-compassion, psychological flexibility, hardiness, and perceived stress. The second, demonstrates the relationship between these variables when harmonious passion is replaced with obsessive passion and psychological flexibility is replaced with psychological rigidity. Multigroup invariance testing was then conducted in order to investigate possible variance between these psychological factors when athletes were separated into injured and non-injured groups. Two hundred and sixty-three athletes were included in this study and more than half of the athletes identified that they had experienced a sport related injury in the past year (n = 137, 52%). The results of the path analysis indicate that multiple psychological factors impact athlete perceptions of stress. Models met criteria for acceptable fit on all goodness-of-fit indices. However, the results of multigroup path analysis indicated that there were no differences in the relationships between psychological factors when athletes were separated into injured and non-injured groups.

Exploring Connections Between Self-Compassion, Mindfulness, and Social Anxiety

Exploring Connections Between Self-Compassion, Mindfulness, and Social Anxiety
Author: Elisa Makadi
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2018
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ISBN:

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Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common anxiety disorders, with lifetime prevalence rates of 3 to 13% (Statistics Canada, 2015). SAD is characterized by excessive fear of being negatively judged or scrutinized by others in social or performance situations (Cox, Fleet, & Stein, 2004). Previous research has demonstrated a relationship between SAD and self-compassion, and SAD and mindfulness. People with SAD show lower levels of self-compassion compared to healthy controls (Werner et al., 2012), and some research (Neff and Germer, 2013) has indicated that self-compassion can be taught as a skill to enhance levels of self-compassion and overall well-being. As well, mindfulness is a related concept that has been linked to SAD; those with SAD tend to see improvement to their symptoms with mindfulness-based interventions (e.g., Koszycki et al., 2016). Self-compassion and mindfulness are related but distinct constructs that are thought to influence a variety of mental health outcomes. However, few studies have evaluated these constructs concurrently in the context of mental health. The current study examined associations between trait mindfulness, self-compassion and clinical variables in 136 patients with at least moderately severe social anxiety disorder (SAD). Bivariate correlations revealed that higher ratings of self-compassion and facets of mindfulness were associated with less severe social anxiety and depressive symptoms and better functioning and self-esteem. Self-compassion emerged as the strongest predictor of SAD outcomes in regression models. Mediation analysis found that the mindfulness facet Describe served as an indirect mediator in the relationship between self-compassion and severity of clinician-rated social anxiety symptoms. Self-compassion emerged as a mediator between each facet of mindfulness and severity of self- and clinician-rated social anxiety symptoms. Overall, findings from this preliminary cross-sectional study suggest that self-compassion may be a robust indicator of SAD outcomes, and that the ability to label one's experience may partially explain the self-compassion-SAD symptom relationship. Implications for further SAD research are discussed.

Relationships Between Self-Regulated Learning, Deliberate Practice and the Consideration of Future Consequences for Developing Sport Experts

Relationships Between Self-Regulated Learning, Deliberate Practice and the Consideration of Future Consequences for Developing Sport Experts
Author: Dora Bartulovic
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2016
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This thesis explored relationships (1) between composite and constituent processes of self-regulated learning (SRL) and three sport performance groups, (2) between SRL and different practice variables, and (3) whether these associations depended on an athlete's consideration of future consequences (CFC). Athletes (N = 272; 200 males; 18-35 yrs; M practice = 13.55 hours/week) completed survey measures for SRL, weekly training including deliberate practice (DP), performance level and CFC. Higher scores in composite SRL were associated with a greater chance of belonging to an elite group, compared to a less-elite and a recreationally competitive group. Self-monitoring predicted greater likelihood of membership in less-elite and elite groups compared to the recreationally competitive group. Self-monitoring predicted greater engagement in total DP hours, and DP in supervised and unsupervised settings. Effort, self-efficacy, and planning were notable in some results, but contributions were less significant. CFC had no moderating effect, however it was correlated with SRL.

The Impact of Fear of Self-compassion on the Relationship Between Mindful Attention and Well-being

The Impact of Fear of Self-compassion on the Relationship Between Mindful Attention and Well-being
Author: Anthony Annunziata
Publisher:
Total Pages: 102
Release: 2013
Genre: Compassion
ISBN:

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"This study was designed to assess the mediating role of fear of self-compassion in the relationship between mindful attention and well-being, and between mindful attention and generalized distress."--Abstract.