Examining the Relationship Between Racial Identity Status and Race-related Stress in African Americans

Examining the Relationship Between Racial Identity Status and Race-related Stress in African Americans
Author: Morgan Hurst
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2012
Genre:
ISBN:
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Race-related stress has been found to impact the mental health of African Americans in literature. Three manuscripts were developed for this dissertation. The first is a critical literature review identifying the multiple pathways by which racism can affect mental health, and the current research addressing this problem is presented. Second, a quantitative study looking at what type of coping mechanisms African Americans use when dealing with race-related stress and how racial identity statuses impact these coping mechanisms?; The third manuscript addresses the research question, among the identified coping mechanisms, is there a relationship with psychological distress? The first manuscript is a critical literature review which discusses racism, race-related stress, and coping resources. The aim of the paper is to identify the multiple pathways by which racism can affect mental health and the current research addressing this problem. Initially, views of racism and race-related stress will be identified; theories for use of stress will be examined, and how racial identity status influences the perception of racism. In addition, individual strategies for coping with racism will be discussed, as well as major approaches to coping that have received sufficient research with regard to their effectiveness for mental and physical outcomes. The purpose of the first quantitative study was to examine the relationships among race-related stress, racial identity status, and coping resources in African Americans in a sample of 294 African American adults. Results indicated that avoidance coping and seeking social support predicted higher levels of race-related stress. Problem solving coping did not predict race-related stress. In addition, racial identity status (pre-encounter and immersion-emersion) predicted avoidance coping where racial identity status (internalization) predicted more problem solving coping behavior. The findings emphasize the need to recognize how racial identity status influence styles of coping in African Americans. Implications for mental health providers are discussed. The purpose of the second study was to examine the relationships between race-related stress, coping resources, and mental health in African Americans in a sample of 294 African American adults. Results indicated they were a predictor of psychological distress and well-being in African Americans. Specifically, the avoidance coping mechanism led to participants in the study experiencing more psychological distress when using this coping resource. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the results, which confirmed our hypothesis that mal-adaptive coping strategies predicted psychological distress. The findings emphasize the need to recognize how coping styles influence mental health in African Americans. Implications for mental health providers are discussed.

Handbook of African American Psychology

Handbook of African American Psychology
Author: Helen A. Neville
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Total Pages: 585
Release: 2008-11-12
Genre: Psychology
ISBN: 1483350177
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The Handbook of African American Psychology provides a comprehensive guide to current developments in African American psychology. It presents theoretical, empirical, and practical issues that are foundational to African American psychology. It synthesizes the debates in the field and research designed to understand the psychological, cognitive, and behavioral development of African Americans. The breadth and depth of the coverage in this handbook offers both foundational material and current developments. Although similar topics will be covered in this text that are included in other works, this will be the only work in which experts in the field write on contemporary debates related to these topics. Moreover, the proposed text incorporates other issues that are typically not covered in related books. The contributing authors also identify gaps in the literature and point to future directions in research, training, and practice. Key Features: Contains the writings of renowned editors and contributors: The most well-respected and accomplished editors and authors in the area of African American psychology, and psychology in general, have come together to lend their expert analysis of issues and research in this field. Designed for course use: With a consistent format from chapter to chapter and sections on historical development, cutting-edge theories, assessment, intervention, methodology, and development issues, instructors will find this handbook appropriate for use with upper-level undergraduate and graduate-level classes Offers unique coverage: The authors discuss issues not typically found in other books on African American psychology, such as ethics, certification, the gifted and talented, Hip-Hop and youth culture, common misconceptions about African Americans, and within-group differences related to gender, class, age, and sexual orientation.

Racial Identity Attitudes, Race-related Stress, Coping Strategies and Gender Among African American Students Attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUS).

Racial Identity Attitudes, Race-related Stress, Coping Strategies and Gender Among African American Students Attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUS).
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2004
Genre:
ISBN:
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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among the dependent variables racial identity attitudes, race-related stress, and coping strategies in a sample of African American students attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUS). The study also investigated the influence of gender on these variables. A quantitative research design was used. The dependent measures used were the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS:Vandiver, et al, 2001), the Coping Strategy Indicator (CSI: Amirkhan, 1990) and the Index of Race-Related Stress- Brief (IRRS-B: Utsey, 1999). The independent measure, gender, was assessed using the demographic survey contained in the CRIS. This was a descriptive study that employed a passive correlation design to determine the presence or absence of relationships among study dependent variables using Pearson product moment correlation. The alpha level was set at .05. Additional GLM multiple analysis of variance and separate univariate analysis of variance were used to determine gender differences among racial identity, coping and race-related stress. The results indicated relationships between racial identity levels and race-related stress. There was evidence that participants with Internalization Multicultural Inclusive identities experienced more race-related stress than those in other racial identity statuses. Evidence also suggests African Americans use Avoidance to cope with race-related stress. Gender differences were found to exist in racial identity development and race-related stress. Women reported more Internalization Multicultural Inclusive racial identity. They also reported more race-related stress than the men in this study. Limitations to the study were noted. Implications from this study suggest counselors at HBCU's take assessments of racial identity development, race-related stress and gender issues as a part of initial screening for counseling services. Implications also suggest some African Americans may.

Well Water:Not My Real Name

Well Water:Not My Real Name
Author: Danny E. Blanchard
Publisher: Xlibris Corporation
Total Pages: 114
Release: 2014-12-26
Genre: Self-Help
ISBN: 1503513823
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Racial identity, or the significance and meaning that individuals attribute to race, is recognized as a key factor in how African Americans cope with racism experiences. Unfortunately, however, the few studies that have examined African Americans’ responses to racist events have failed to account for differences across situations that African Americans experience, making it difficult to ascertain whether differences in coping are due to person variables, the situation, or both. In the present study, we adopted a stress and coping approach to examine the relations among racial identity, racism-related stress appraisal, and coping with lifetime racism experiences.

Racial Identity Theory

Racial Identity Theory
Author: Chalmer E. Thompson
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 293
Release: 2013-04-15
Genre: Psychology
ISBN: 113580799X
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Racial identity theories have been in the psychological literature for nearly thirty years. Unlike most references to racial identity, however, Thompson and Carter demonstrate the value of integrating RACE and IDENTITY as systematic components of human functioning. The editors and their contributors show how the infusion of racial identity theory with other psychological models can successfully yield more holistic considerations of client functioning and well-being. Fully respecting the mutual influence of personal and environmental factors to explanations of individual and group functioning, they apply complex theoretical notions to real-life cases in psychological practice. These authors contend that race is a pervasive and formidable force in society that affects the development and functioning of individuals and groups. In a recursive fashion, individuals and groups influence and, indeed, nurture the notion of race and societal racism. Arguing that mental health practitioners are in key, influential positions to pierce this cycle, the authors provide evidence of how meaningful change can occur when racial identity theory is integrated into interventions that attempt to diminish the distress people experience in their lives. The interventions illustrated in this volume are applied in various contexts, including psychotherapy and counseling, supervision, family therapy, support groups, and organizational and institutional environments. This book can serve the needs and interests of advanced-level students and professionals in all mental health fields, as well as researchers and scholars in such disciplines as organizational management and forensic psychology. It can also be of value to anyone interested in the systematic implementation of strategies to overcome problems of race.

Examining the Relationship Between Racial Identity and Positive Health Behaviors Among African American Emerging Adults

Examining the Relationship Between Racial Identity and Positive Health Behaviors Among African American Emerging Adults
Author: Jamilia Raki Sly
Publisher:
Total Pages: 96
Release: 2010
Genre: Electronic dissertations
ISBN:
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Racial identity is an important factor in predicting health behaviors, especially among African Americans. The history of African Americans in the United States makes racial identity an important concept to study. Racial identity can be described as the degree to which a person feels connected to or shares commonalities with an ethnic racial group (Helms, 1990). African Americans fare much worse than other racial and ethnic minorities in the United States in many areas of health. The purpose of this project was to investigate the relationship between racial identity and health behaviors of African American adults aged 18-25 years old. Two hundred African American emerging adults (18-28 years old) (50% female) were recruited from a university campus and community arts festival to participate in the study. Results yielded three distinct identity profiles (multicultural, integrationist and marginalized). Race was a defining feature of identity for the integrationist cluster. The multicultural profile embraced blending with mainstream culture and other minority groups and the marginalized profile did not identify with any group or ideology. The three profiles were assessed for differences in health behaviors (i.e. substance use, mental health, exercise, number of sexual partners). The marginalized profile displayed lower positive affect, more cigarette smoking and more sexual partners in the past year than the other two profiles. Racial identity may be one way of assessing how participants view the world. The information about why they identify with a certain racial identity profile might help researchers tailor preventive interventions to reducing health disparities. Our findings, however, have shown that racial identity alone is not sufficient in explaining how or why people choose to engage in unhealthy behaviors.

Meaning-Making, Internalized Racism, and African American Identity

Meaning-Making, Internalized Racism, and African American Identity
Author: Jas M. Sullivan
Publisher: SUNY Press
Total Pages: 374
Release: 2016-09-07
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 1438462972
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Presents research on how variations in African Americans’ racial self-concept affects meaning-making and internalized oppression. Focusing on the broad range of attitudes Black people employ to make sense of their Blackness, this volume offers the latest research on racial identity. The first section explores meaning-making, or the importance of holding one type of racial-cultural identity as compared to another. It looks at a wide range of topics, including stereotypes, spirituality, appearance, gender and intersectionalities, masculinity, and more. The second section examines the different expressions of internalized racism that arise when the pressure of oppression is too great, and includes such topics as identity orientations, self-esteem, colorism, and linked fate. Grounded in psychology, the research presented here makes the case for understanding Black identity as wide ranging in content, subject to multiple interpretations, and linked to both positive mental health as well as varied forms of internalized racism. “With its impressive and varied research base, this is one of the most comprehensive books on the subject of racial identity.” — Scott L. Graves Jr., Duquesne University

African American Identity

African American Identity
Author: Jas M. Sullivan
Publisher: Lexington Books
Total Pages: 472
Release: 2012-04-26
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 0739171755
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Jas M. Sullivan and Ashraf M. Esmail’s African American Identity: Racial and Cultural Dimensions of the Black Experience is a collection which makes use of multiple perspectives across the social sciences to address complex issues of race and identity. The contributors tackle questions about what African American racial identity means, how we may go about quantifying it, what the factors are in shaping identity development, and what effects racial identity has on psychological, political, educational, and health-related behavior. African American Identity aims to continue the conversation, rather than provide a beginning or an end. It is an in-depth study which uses quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods to explore the relationship between racial identity and psychological well-being, effects on parents and children, physical health, and related educational behavior. From these vantage points, Sullivan and Esmail provide a unique opportunity to further our understanding, extend our knowledge, and continue the debate.

An Investigation of African Identity, Racial Identity, and Ethnicity Among Black American College Students

An Investigation of African Identity, Racial Identity, and Ethnicity Among Black American College Students
Author: Angela Regan Bethea
Publisher:
Total Pages: 147
Release: 2006
Genre:
ISBN: 9780542524714
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Current Nigrescence or Racial Identity Development (NRID) models suggest that racial socialization is one of the most salient factors that influence identity formation among Blacks who are descendents of the enslavement experience in America or are socialized in the United States. However, NRID models do not sufficiently explain ethnic group identification nor account for differences in socialization among Black ethnic group members who are descendents of racially homogenous countries. The purpose of this research was to investigate ethnic group diversity and related group identity processes among Black college students in the United States. African self-consciousness, racial identity, and perceived stress in response to racist events were examined among 193 African American and Black Immigrant undergraduate students at a Historically Black College/University (HBCU) and a Predominately White Institution (PWI). An independent samples t test revealed higher African self-consciousness among PWI students, in comparison to those among HBCU students. However, students at each college scored similarly on racial identity, frequency of encountered racist events, and race-related stress. Independent t-tests revealed no statistically significant differences between African American and Black Immigrant students on African self-consciousness at both schools. Although a one-way MANOVA yielded no statistically significant ethnic group differences on racial identity statuses, an independent samples t test revealed a statistically significant difference between males and females on the Internalization racial identity status. Also, a one-way ANOVA did not produce statistically significant ethnic group differences on race-related stress. Finally, multiple regressions revealed no statistically significant relationships between African self-consciousness, racial identity as predictors of race-related stress among students at either school. The findings of the current study suggest that moderators, such as acculturation, subscription to the African-value system, coping behaviors, and socioeconomic status, should be investigated as factors in the relationship between ethnic group membership and race-related stress. Methodological limitations, implications for practice, and future directions for research are discussed.

The Relationship Between Race-Related Stress and the Career Planning and Confidence for African-American College Students

The Relationship Between Race-Related Stress and the Career Planning and Confidence for African-American College Students
Author: Dwaine Turner PhD CRC
Publisher: Xlibris Corporation
Total Pages: 103
Release:
Genre: Psychology
ISBN: 1796031526
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My research focused on the relationship between career development and the different facets of racism that presents challenges in the world of academia. The social landscape of society was torn as a result of the deaths of Travon Martin, Mike Brown, Eric Grey and Eric Garner. Public opinion has varied on the causes of the deaths of many individuals in the African American community. As the author of this study I felt compelled to highlight the strength and perseverance of minorities in a college environment. Upon the completion of my study I realized that I was chronicling myself.