Enterprise Restructuring and Labor Market Gender Gaps in Urban China

Enterprise Restructuring and Labor Market Gender Gaps in Urban China
Author: Christina Jenq
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2019
Genre:
ISBN:
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The employment gender gap in urban sector China significantly increased during the restructuring of state-owned enterprises that occurred in the late 1990s. This paper describes the relative impact of several mechanisms that led to an increase in the employment gender gap in this labor market. I find that the gender-asymmetric nature of enterprise restructuring during this period can explain almost 50% of increase in the urban non-migrant employment gender gap between 1990 and 2000. I relate observed cross-sectional employment rates to a simple model of dynamic transitions between employment states and show that, given non-employment, females' shorter working horizons and a leftward shift in older female labor supply can significantly explain gender differences in re-employment rates among older workers. I then show that the contraction of older female labor supply during this period is related to the disappearance of publicly-provided childcare through increased time for daughter households. I conclude that the unobserved labor supply determinants of older females that contribute to the underestimate of the observed gender earnings gap include private costs and returns to on-the-job training and the propensity to help offspring households.

Gender and Work in Urban China

Gender and Work in Urban China
Author: Jieyu Liu
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 337
Release: 2007-03-06
Genre: History
ISBN: 1134164742
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Although it is generally believed in China that socialism raised women’s status and paid work liberated them from the shackles of patriarchy, the economic reforms of the last two decades of the twentieth century meant women workers were more vulnerable to losing their jobs than men. Unlike previous studies, which have focused on the macro-structural features of this process, this book makes the voices of ordinary women workers heard and applies feminist perspectives on women and work to the Chinese situation. Drawing upon extensive life history interviews, this book contests the view that mobilizing women into the workplace brought about their liberation. Instead, the gendered redundancy they experienced was the culmination of a lifetime’s experiences of gender inequalities. Setting their life stories against a backdrop of great social-political upheaval in China, the book suggests that the women of this ‘unlucky generation’ have borne the brunt of sufferings caused by sacrifices they made for the development of socialist China.

Female Employment and Gender Gaps in China

Female Employment and Gender Gaps in China
Author: Xinxin Ma
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 190
Release: 2021-05-05
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 9813369043
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This open access book investigates female employment and the gender gap in the labor market and households during China’s economic transition period. It provides the reader with academic evidence for understanding the mechanism of female labor force participation, the determinants of the gender gap in the labor market, and the impact of policy transformation on women’s wages and employment in China from an economics perspective. The main content of this book includes three parts―women’s family responsibilities and women’s labor supply (child care, parent care, and women’s employment), the gender gap in the labor market and society (gender gaps in wages, Communist Party membership, and participation in social activity), and the impacts of policy transformation on women’s wages and employment (the social security system and the educational expansion policy on women’s wages and employment) in China. This book provides academic evidence about these issues based on economics theories and econometric analysis methods using many kinds of long-term Chinese national survey data. This book is highly recommended to readers who are interested in up-to-date and in-depth empirical studies of the gender gap and women’s employment in China during the economic transition period. This book is of interest to various groups such as readers who are interested in the Chinese economy, policymakers, and scholars with econometric analysis backgrounds.

Economic Transition and Labor Market Reform in China

Economic Transition and Labor Market Reform in China
Author: Xinxin Ma
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 303
Release: 2018-12-30
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 9811319871
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This book empirically investigates the changes in labor market structure accompanying the labor market reform in China by focusing on the labor market segmentation problems from the 1980s to 2013. The book also aims to examine the effect of labor policy reforms on individual, household and enterprise behavior, including the causes and consequences of labor market reform in China, particularly the influences of labor policy reforms on labor market performance. Offering valuable insights into the changing structure of the Chinese economy, this book will be of interest to scholars, activists, and economists.

Gender and Employment in Rural China

Gender and Employment in Rural China
Author: Jing Song
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 253
Release: 2017-04-21
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 1317425952
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With China’s rapid advancements in urbanization and industrialization, there has been significant labor movement away from agriculture in the rural regions. Using four village case studies, Song examines how this restructuring process affects the rural population. Much of her research is centered on their various perceptions and reactions towards the market reforms. How are their lives reshaped through the employment transition? Along with the changes of family life and the diversification of development models, how do an individual’s gender and background play a role in determining employment? These are the broad questions that Song addresses through detailed analysis of four different villages, in light of China’s move towards decentralization of its rural economy.

China's Rebalancing and Gender Inequality

China's Rebalancing and Gender Inequality
Author: International Monetary Fund
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 27
Release: 2021-05-11
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1513573772
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This paper examines gender inequality in the context of structural transformation and rebalancing in China. We document declining women's relative wages and labor force participation in China during the last two decades, despite rapid growth and expansion of the service sector. Using household data, we provide evidence consistent with a U-shaped relationship between economic development and women's labor market outcomes. Using a model of structural transformation, we show that labor market barriers for women have increased over time. Model counterfactuals suggest that removing these barriers and increasing service sector productivity can boost both gender equality and economic growth in China.

Economic Restructuring and Retirement in Urban China

Economic Restructuring and Retirement in Urban China
Author: John Giles
Publisher:
Total Pages: 49
Release: 2014
Genre:
ISBN:
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In its gradual approach to economic transition, China deferred the difficult process of restructuring state owned enterprises (SOEs) until the mid-1990s. When restructuring of large scale SOEs accelerated after 1997, China witnessed sharp declines in the employment of urban residents. While some dislocated state sector workers made a transition to work in the non-state sector, large shares of laid off workers spent long periods unemployed or out of the labor force. Much of the transition out of the state sector occurred through early retirement and exit from the labor force of older workers. While earlier work suggested that the sharp decrease in labor force participation of older women is driven by reappearance of discrimination in the labor market, analysis of reemployment decisions suggests that exit from the labor force reflects a choice. Women exited the labor force in great numbers after 1996, but women with adult children of college age are 60 percent more likely than other women to be re-employed within a year. We also find weak evidence that women who provide care for elderly family members are less likely to be employed. An increase in the labor supply of older women after 2004, however, suggests that the exit of older women from the labor force between 1996 and 2002 was driven primarily by generous early retirement pensions offered during the process of restructuring.

Work and Inequality in Urban China

Work and Inequality in Urban China
Author: Yanjie Bian
Publisher: SUNY Press
Total Pages: 312
Release: 1994-01-01
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 9780791418017
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This book offers a systematic analysis of the impact of work organization on the social stratification of individuals in urban China. It explains why economic and labor market segmentation is possible and necessary in state socialism at a certain stage of its development, as in market capitalism, and how important one's work unit or danwei is to the life of socialist workers in Chinese cities. Based on survey data, personal interviews, and official statistics, the author shows that structural allocation, status inheritance, educational achievement, political virtue, and interpersonal connections (guanxi) interplay in determining an individual's opportunities for entering and moving into a desirable place to work, for obtaining Communist party membership and an elite class status, and for receiving material compensation such as wages, bonuses, fringe benefits, housing, and home locations.