One of the most fundamental problems in Computer Networking is to efficiently route packets belonging to different sessions, such as unicast, broadcast, multicast and anycast, collectively known as the generalized flows. The goal of this thesis is to design an efficient routing, and wireless link scheduling policy, that maximizes net throughput. Currently, the only known throughput-optimal policy is the Backpressure policy for the unicast problem. In this thesis, we propose provably optimal algorithms for the broadcast and the generalized flow problems. Our study begins with the problem of optimal broadcasting in a wireless Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). Existing policies achieve the broadcast capacity by balancing traffic over a set of spanning trees, which are difficult to maintain in a large and time-varying network. We propose a fundamentally new broadcast policy, which is decentralized, utilizes local information only, does not require the use of global topological structures, such as spanning trees. It also yields a new and computationally efficient characterization of the broadcast capacity in wireless DAGs. We next study the problem of broadcasting in networks with arbitrary topology and derive a new dynamic broadcast policy which can be viewed as "Backpressure on sets". This yields an efficient solution to the problem when combined with a multi-class in-order packet scheduling rule. Finally, we study the generalized flow problem and derive an online dynamic policy, called Universal Max-Weight (UMW). To the best of our knowledge, UMW is the first throughput-optimal algorithm of such versatility in this context. Conceptually, the UMW policy is derived by relaxing the precedence constraints associated with multi-hop routing and then solving a min-cost routing and max-weight scheduling problem on a virtual network of queues. When specialized to the unicast setting, unlike Backpressure, the UMW policy yields a throughput-optimal cycle-free routing and link scheduling policy. The proposed algorithmic paradigm is surprisingly general and can be used to solve other related problems, such as optimal broadcasting in wireless networks with point-to-multipoint links. The proof of throughput-optimality of the UMW policy combines techniques from stochastic Lyapunov theory with a sample path argument from adversarial queueing theory and may be of independent theoretical interest.