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| Author | : Saurabh Jain |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 325 |
| Release | : 2012 |
| Genre | : Double taxation |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Saurabh Jain |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 49 |
| Release | : 2015 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
If interpreted in a strict legal sense, beneficial ownership rules in tax treaties would have no effect on conduit companies because companies at law own their property and income beneficially. Conversely, a company can never own anything in a substantive sense because economically a company is no more than a congeries of arrangements that represents the people behind it. Faced with these contradictory considerations, people have adopted surrogate tests that they attempt to employ in place of the treaty test of beneficial ownership. An example is that treaty benefits should be limited to companies that are both resident in the states that are parties to the treaty and that carry on substantive business activity. The test is inherently illogical. The origins of the substantive business activity test appear to lie in analogies drawn with straw company and base company cases. Because there is no necessary relationship between ownership and activity, the test of substantive business activity can never provide a coherent surrogate for the test of beneficial ownership. The article finishes with a Coda that summarises suggestions for reform to be made in work that is to follow.
| Author | : Saurabh Jain |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 325 |
| Release | : 2012 |
| Genre | : Double taxation |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : S. Jain |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2018 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
The term "dominion" represents the right to decide how to use income or property. Courts have considered the presence of dominion to conclusively indicate that an interposed company is the beneficial owner and therefore entitled to treaty benefits. This article analyses from a historical perspective how dominion developed as a test in conduit company cases.
| Author | : S. Jain |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2019 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
The factor of dominion should be interpreted in the light of the object and purpose of double tax treaties. Such an approach in turn helps courts to interpret the beneficial ownership requirement in the same manner as they interpret a general anti-avoidance rule. Certain courts have adopted this approach and come to the correct result.
| Author | : Jonathan Schwarz |
| Publisher | : Kluwer Law International B.V. |
| Total Pages | : 870 |
| Release | : 2021-09-28 |
| Genre | : Law |
| ISBN | : 9403526319 |
Schwarz on Tax Treaties is the definitive analysis of tax treaties from United Kingdom and Irish perspectives and provides in-depth expert analysis of the interpretation and interaction of those treaty networks with the European Union and international law. The sixth edition significantly develops the earlier work with enhanced commentary and is updated to include the latest UK, Irish domestic and treaty developments, international and EU law, including: Covered Tax Agreements modified by the BEPS Multilateral Instrument; judicial decisions of Ireland, the UK and foreign courts on UK and Irish treaties; Digital Services Tax; treaty binding compulsory arbitration; Brexit and the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement; taxpayer rights in exchange of information; taxpayer rights in EU cross-border collection of taxes; attribution of profits to permanent establishments; and EU DAC 6 Disclosure of cross-border planning. Case law developments including: UK Supreme Court in Fowler v HMRC; Indian Supreme Court in Engineering Analysis Centre of Excellence Private Limited and Others v CIT; Australian Full Federal Court in Addy v CoT; French Supreme Administrative Court in Valueclick; English Court of Appeal in Irish Bank Resolution Corporation v HMRC; JJ Management and others v HMRC; United States Tax Court in Adams Challenge v CIR; UK Tax Tribunals in Royal Bank of Canada v HMRC; Lloyd-Webber v HMRC; Esso Exploration and Production v HMRC; Glencore v HMRC; McCabe v HMRC; Padfield v HMRC; Davies v HMRC; Uddin v HMRC; English High Court in Minera Las Bambas v Glencore; Kotton v First Tier Tribunal; and CJEU in N Luxembourg I, and others (the ‘Danish beneficial ownership cases’); État belge v Pantochim; College Pension Plan of British Columbia v Finanzamt München; HB v Istituto Nazionale della Previdenza Sociale. About the Author Jonathan Schwarz BA, LLB (Witwatersrand), LLM (UC Berkeley), FTII is an English Barrister at Temple Tax Chambers in London and is also a South African Advocate and a Canadian and Irish Barrister. His practice focuses on international tax disputes as counsel and as an expert and advises on solving cross-border tax problems. He is a Visiting Professor at the Faculty of Law, King’s College London University. He has been listed as a leading tax Barrister in both the Legal 500, for international corporate tax, and Chambers’ Guide to the Legal Profession, for international transactions and particular expertise in transfer pricing. He has been lauded in Who’s Who Legal, UK Bar for his ‘brilliant’ handling of cross-border tax problems. In Chambers Guide, he is identified as ‘the double tax guru’ with ‘extraordinary depth of knowledge and experience when it comes to tax treaty issues and is a creative thinker and a clear and meticulous writer’.
| Author | : Angelika Meindl-Ringler |
| Publisher | : Kluwer Law International B.V. |
| Total Pages | : 458 |
| Release | : 2016-06-07 |
| Genre | : Law |
| ISBN | : 9041168397 |
In international tax law, the term ‘beneficial ownership’ refers to which parties involved in a cross-border transaction are entitled to tax treaty benefits. However, determining beneficial ownership is a complex and often disputed issue, subject to different meanings in different countries. Archival research on its early use in tax treaties and in the developing OECD Model reveals that its meaning has changed dramatically over the decades, leading to new interpretations significantly affecting current tax practice and scholarship. This book, dedicated to establishing how beneficial ownership should ideally be interpreted, compares the use and interpretation of benefi-cial ownership, both current and historical, in a wide range of national jurisdictions as well as the EU, ultimately shedding a clearer light than has heretofore been available on the meaning of the term. In her very thorough analysis of the application of beneficial ownership, the author touches on such aspects as the following: – historical development of the beneficial ownership requirement as used in tax treaties and in the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital; – rules of double taxation conventions; – application of the OECD’s Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit-Shifting (BEPS); – the problem of so-called ‘white income’; – use of the substance-over-form principle; – attribution-of-income rules; and – the role of agents, nominees, and conduit companies. Specific analysis of the use and interpretation of beneficial ownership in a domestic law and treaty context in numerous jurisdictions – with particular emphasis on the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States, and Germany – is a major feature of the presentation. As a thorough guide to determining whether a person claiming tax treaty benefits is the true owner – and which parties are excluded from treaty benefits and to what extent – this book will be of immeasurable value to lawyers, tax authorities, policymakers, and other professionals working with taxable international transactions of any kind.
| Author | : Pablo A Hernández González-Barreda |
| Publisher | : Bloomsbury Publishing |
| Total Pages | : 352 |
| Release | : 2020-05-28 |
| Genre | : Law |
| ISBN | : 1509923098 |
This book explores the concept of beneficial ownership in equity law, the domestic tax laws of the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States, as well as its varied and increasing uses in international tax law. By analysing the evolution of beneficiary rights in equity and the use of beneficial ownership wording in tax law, the book draws a roadmap for dealing with beneficial ownership in both national and international tax law. This approach highlights those common misconceptions that can be avoided by understanding the origins of the concept and its engagement with equity, as well as the differences with tax law. However, the book does not limit itself to dealing with theoretical discussion, but also offers an instructive and detailed practical case study. Offering both academic commentary and a practitioner focus, the book will be of the utmost interest to scholars and practitioners from common and civil law countries dealing with tax and estate law, particularly given beneficial ownership's increasing relevance.
| Author | : S. Jain |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2018 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This article argues that the dominion test cannot logically be transposed to conduit company cases from cases involving interposed entities, which act as agents or nominees. Agents and nominees do not possess dominion over income. They are obliged under property law to pass on income to third parties, namely their principals or mandators, whereas a conduit company has property rights over income by definition. That is, it possesses dominion over its income simply by virtue of being a corporation. It follows that, if dominion is used as a test for determining whether an interposed company is eligible for treaty benefits, it will always qualify regardless of whether it acts as a conduit.
| Author | : Kuźniacki, Błażej |
| Publisher | : Edward Elgar Publishing |
| Total Pages | : 385 |
| Release | : 2022-08-12 |
| Genre | : Law |
| ISBN | : 1802206078 |
This authoritative book provides a structural, global view of evolving judicial and doctrinal trends in the understanding of beneficial ownership in international taxation. Błażej Kuźniacki presents a route towards an international autonomous meaning of beneficial ownership, while also offering a comprehensive explanation of the divergent understandings and tax policy arguments underpinning its continuing ambiguity.
