Direct Methods for Measuring Radionuclides in the Human Body

Direct Methods for Measuring Radionuclides in the Human Body
Author: International Atomic Energy Agency
Publisher:
Total Pages: 128
Release: 1996
Genre: Medical
ISBN:

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Provides information on the establishment and operation of facilities for the measurement of body activity by direct methods. Emphasis is placed on measurements of body radioactivity made in programmes of internal dosimetry for occupationally exposed persons, or in investigations following incidents.

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory?s Book of Minimum Detectable Activity for Direct Measurement of Internally Deposited Radionuclides in Radiation Workers

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory?s Book of Minimum Detectable Activity for Direct Measurement of Internally Deposited Radionuclides in Radiation Workers
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages: 28
Release: 2008
Genre:
ISBN:

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Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory maintains an in vivo measurement program designed to identify and evaluate the activity of radionuclides deposited in the body. Two types of systems are primarily used for the routine monitoring of radiation workers, the lung counting system and the scanning bed whole body counting system. The lung counting system is comprised of two Canberra ACTII detector sets. Each ACTII set contains two planar germanium detectors with carbon composite end windows optimized to measure low energy photon emitting radionuclides. The ACTII detectors are placed on the upper torso over the lungs for the direct measurement of internally deposited radionuclides in the lungs that emit low energy photons. A correction for the thickness of the chest wall is applied to the efficiency. Because the thickness of the chest wall is a key factor in the measurement of low energy photon emitting radionuclides in the lung, the minimum detectable activity is a function of the chest wall thickness. The scanning bed whole body counting system is comprised of a thin air mattress on top of a carbon fiber bed that slowly scans over four high purity germanium detectors. The scanning system is designed to minimize variations in detected activity due to radionuclide distribution in the body. The scanning bed detection system is typically used for the measurement of internally deposited radionuclides that emit photons above 100 to 200 keV. MDAs have been generated for radionuclides that provide energies above 80 keV since the lowest calibration energy for the system is approximately 86 keV. The following charts and table provide best determination of minimum detectable activity using human subjects as controls for the background contributions. A wide variety of radionuclides are used throughout the laboratory and the following pages represent several of the radionuclides that have been encountered at the Whole Body and Spectroscopy Laboratories within Hazards Control.

Personalised body counter calibration using anthropometric parameters

Personalised body counter calibration using anthropometric parameters
Author: Pölz, Stefan
Publisher: KIT Scientific Publishing
Total Pages: 239
Release: 2014-04-10
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3731501740

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This book describes the development of a new method for personalisation of efficiency factors in partial body counting. Its achieved goal is the quantification of uncertainties in those factors due to variation in anatomy of the measured persons, and their reduction by correlation with anthropometric parameters. The method was applied to a detector system at the In Vivo Measurement Laboratory at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology using Monte Carlo simulation and computational phantoms.

Assessment of Occupational Exposure Due to Intakes of Radionuclides

Assessment of Occupational Exposure Due to Intakes of Radionuclides
Author: International Atomic Energy Agency
Publisher:
Total Pages: 102
Release: 1999
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN:

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The Safety Guide, co-sponsored by the ILO, addresses the assessment of exposure due to intakes of radionuclides in the workplace and reflects the major changes which have occurred in international practice in internal dose assessment over the past decade. The report further provides the necessary guidance to meet the requirements as laid down in Safety Series No. 115, International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources.

Chemistry and Analysis of Radionuclides

Chemistry and Analysis of Radionuclides
Author: Jukka Lehto
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 405
Release: 2011-01-19
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3527633022

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Written by chemists for chemists, this is a comprehensive guide to the important radionuclides as well as techniques for their separation and analysis. It introduces readers to the important laboratory techniques and methodologies in the field, providing practical instructions on how to handle nuclear waste and radioactivity in the environment.

Evaluation of Guidelines for Exposures to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials

Evaluation of Guidelines for Exposures to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 293
Release: 1999-02-25
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 0309062977

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Naturally occurring radionuclides are found throughout the earth's crust, and they form part of the natural background of radiation to which all humans are exposed. Many human activities-such as mining and milling of ores, extraction of petroleum products, use of groundwater for domestic purposes, and living in houses-alter the natural background of radiation either by moving naturally occurring radionuclides from inaccessible locations to locations where humans are present or by concentrating the radionuclides in the exposure environment. Such alterations of the natural environment can increase, sometimes substantially, radiation exposures of the public. Exposures of the public to naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) that result from human activities that alter the natural environment can be subjected to regulatory control, at least to some degree. The regulation of public exposures to such technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other regulatory and advisory organizations is the subject of this study by the National Research Council's Committee on the Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposures to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials.

Radiation Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses

Radiation Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 150
Release: 1995-05-16
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0309176832

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Growing public concern about releases of radiation into the environment has focused attention on the measurement of exposure of people living near nuclear weapons production facilities or in areas affected by accidental releases of radiation. Radiation-Dose Reconstruction for Epidemiologic Uses responds to the need for criteria for dose reconstruction studies, particularly if the doses are to be useful in epidemiology. This book provides specific and practical recommendations for whether, when, and how studies should be conducted, with an emphasis on public participation. Based on the expertise of scientists involved in dozens of dose reconstruction projects, this volume: Provides an overview of the basic requirements and technical aspects of dose reconstruction. Presents lessons to be learned from dose reconstructions after Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, and elsewhere. Explores the potential benefits and limitations of biological markers. Discusses how to establish the "source term"â€"that is, to determine what was released. Explores methods for identifying the environmental pathways by which radiation reaches the body. Offers details on three major categories of dose assessment.