Chapter 1: Conservation Biological Control: Past, Present, and Future. Introduction. Historical Development. Current Situationin. Challenges for the Future. Concluding Remarks. Chapter 2: Conservation Biology: Lessons for Conserving Natural Enemies. Introduction. Lessons from Conservation Biology. a) Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, Isoiation, and Degradation and Species Extinction. b) Locally and Ecologically Extinct Species. c) Disturbance and Biodiversity: Influence of Scale, Intensity, and the Frequency of Disturbance Regimes. d) Spatiai Fragmentation, Species Richness, and the Fate of Species in a Habitat. e) Functional Populations and Communities: Maintenance of Subpopulations and Habitat Patches as Source Pools for Recolonization. f) Conservation by Preservation and Enhancement of Biodiversity: Active Pograms of Ecological Restoration of Habitat Quality. Conclusion: Conservation Biological Control, Policy, and Changing Perspectives. Chapter 3: Agroecosystems and Conservation Biological Control. Introduction. The Nature of Managed Habitats and its Impact on Conservation Biological Control. The Nature of the Herbivore Communities and its Impact on Conservation Biological Control. The Nature of the Natural Enemy Community and its Impact on Conservation Biological Control Chapter 4: The Influence of Plants on Insect Parasitoids: Implications for Conservation Biological Control. Introduction. Influence of Plant Patch Structure and Diversity (inter- and intrapatch traits). a) Influences of the Size, Number, and Shape of Plant Patches. b) Size and Shape of Plants in Patches. c) Plant Taxonomic Diversity. d) Physical Plant and Chemical Signals with in Patches. Influence of Single Plants on with in Plant Parasitoid Responses and Survival. a) Sources of Food. b) Chemical Cues and Barriers to Searching Parasitoids. c) Chemical Cues and Barriers to Developing Parasitoids. d) Indirect Effects of Plant Quality. e) Physical Features of Plants. f) Morphology of Plants and Microclimate. Conclusions: Constraints and Opportunities. Chapter 5: Influence of Plants on Invertebrate Predators: Implications to Conservation Biological Control. Introduction. Plant Morphology and Chemistry a) Plant Chemical Cues. b) Influence of Plant Morphology. Plant Species Diversity in and Around Agroecosystems a) Consequences of Plant Species Diversity. b) Consequences of Differences in Plant Quality. Conclusions. Chapter 6: Ecologlcal Considerations in the Conservation of Effective Parasitoid Communities in Agricultural Systems. Introduction. Disturbance Regimes in Unmanaged and Agricultural Systems. a) Crop Scale Disturbance Regimes and Parasitoids. b) Farm-level Disturbance Regimes and Parasitoids. c) Landscape-level Disturbance Regimes and Parasitoids. Parasitoid Metapopulations in Agricultural Systems. Parasitoid Community Dynamics in Agricultural Systems. Conclusions. Chapter 7: Habitat Enhancement and Conservation of Natural Enemies of Insects. Introduction. Agricultural Landscape Mosaics. Identifying Essential Resources: Bases for Habitat Modification. Conclusions . a) Landscape Perspective. b) Actions with in an IPM Context: Benefits and Constraints. Chapter 8: Sown weed strips: Artificial Ecologlcal Compensation. Areas as an Important tool in Conservation Biological Control. Introduction. How to Create Sown Weed Strips. Enhancing Diversity of Beneficials. a) Spiders. b) Ground Beetles. Herbivores: Promoting Biodiversity, but not of Pests. a) Aphids. b) Phytophagous Beetles. c)other herbivores. mechanisms. a) additional hibemation sites. b) increased Perforrnance and Fitness of Predators and Parasitoids. Conclusions. Chapter 9: Habitat Manipulation and Natural Enemy Efficiency: Implications for the Control of Pests. Introduction. Ecological Principles Gulding Habitat Manipulation. A) Diversity and Stability B) The "Enemies Hypothesis" . C) Bionomic Strategies. Practical Considerations in Habitat Manipulation. A) Choice of Crap Systems for Habitat Manipulation . b) Choice of Habitat Manipulation Strategy. C) Spatial Considerations in Habitat Manipulation . Integration of Habitat Manipulation with other Pest Management Techniques. Conclusions. Chapter 10: Naturally Occurring Biological Controls in Genetically Engineered Crops. Introduction and Overview. Genetic Engineering for Insect Resistance. A) Direct Effects on Biological Control Agents. B) Indirect Effects on Biological Control Agents. C) Impact on Population-Level Food Web Interactions. D) Conservation of Biological Control Agents and Resistance Management. Genetic Engineering for Improved Horticultural Characteristics. A) Impraved Tolerance of Pest Damage. B) Altered Plant Architecture. C) Altered Plant Surfaces. D)Expanded Range of Growing Conditions. Conservation Biological Control and Marketing Genetically Engineered Crops. Chapter 11: Pesticides and Conservation of Natural Enemies. Introduction. Effects of Pesticides on Natural Enemies. A) Evaluating the Effects of Pesticides on Natural Enemies. B) Pesticide Selectivity. Relative Roles of Pesticides and Natural Enemies in IPM. A) Integrating Pesticides and Natural Enemies Conclusion. Chapter 12: Conservation Biological Control of Mobile Pests: Problems and Tactics. Introduction. Effective Natural Enemies of Mobile Pests. A) Mobile Natural Enemies.B) Habitat Shifts by Natural Enemies of Mobile Pests. Conserving Natural Enemies of Mobile Pests. Conclusions. Chapter 15: Deployment of the Predaceous ants and their Conservation in Agroecosystems. Introduction. Examples of the Deployment of Ants for Biologlcal Control. A) Ants for the Control of Cocoa (theobroma cacao l.) Pests. B) Oecophylla Species for the Control of Tree Crop Pests in Asia and Africa.. C) Conservation and Deployment of Pheidole megacephala in Cuba. The Role of Ants as Natural Biologlcal Control Agents. A)"Milpas" in Central America. B) Ants as Natural Biological Controls of Cotton Pests. Drawing Generalizations from the Examples. A) Perennial Versus Annual Cropping Systems. B) Ant-Homopteran Mutualism. C) Good Versus Bad Ants. D) The Ant Community. E) Habitat Manipulation for the Conservation of Ants. The Interface Between Agroecology and Conservation Biology. Chapter 16: Conservation of Aphidophaga in Pecan Orchards. Introduction. A) Pecan Culture. B)Pecan Insect Control. Pecan Aphid Biology and Control. Natural Enemies of Pecan Aphids. Conserving Natural Enemies of Pecan Insects. Enhancement Techniques in Pecan Orchards. Discussion. Chapter 17: Conservation Biological Control of Spider Mites in Perennial Cropping Systems. Introduction. Successful Mite Biological Control in Perennial Cropping Systems. Patterns of Mite Predator-prey Dynamics in Newyorkapples. Generalizations and Future Research. A) Characteristics that may Enhance Persistence traits of Phytoseiids. B) Characteristics That May Enhance Persistence traits of the Host Plant. C) Establishing and Fostering Phytoseiid Mites in Perennial Systems. Summary. Chapter 18: Conserving Epiphytic Microorganisms on Fruits and Vegetables for Biological Control. Introduction. Defining Biological Control Systems. The Postharvest Environment: Opportunities for Biological Control. Multifaceted Biological Control. Conserving and Promoting Naturally. Occurring Epiphytic Antagonists: An IPM Perspective. A) Pesticides. B) Cultural Practices. Environmental Effects on Epiphytic Microorganisms. Genetic Control of the Antagonists Environment. The Road not Traveled: Epilogue. Chapter 19: Biological Control of Soil-Borne Pathogens with Resident Versus Introduced Antagonists: Should Diverging Approaches Become Strategic Convergence? Introduction. The Bases of Biological Control of Soil-Borne Pathogens. A) The Nature of Current Practices in the Bioliogical Control of Soil-Borne Pathogens. B) The Nature of Current Agents used in the Bioliogical Control of Soil-Borne Pathogens. c) The Mode of Action of Bioliogical Control Agents of Soil-Borne Pathogens. The Complexity of the Environment and Interactions Therein. A Way to Sort out and Understand Multivariate Complexity: the use of Mathematical Models. Fluorescent Pseudomonads and Biological Control; Inunda tive Release or Manipulation of the Environment: the different Approaches. A) Inundative Release: use of Single Antagonistic Strains. B) Manipulating the Environment: Pseudomonads as a Population and Multifactorial Analiysis. conclusion . Chapter 20: Conservation Strategies for the Biological Control of Weeds. Introduction. Factors that Limit the Success of Weed Biological Control Agents.A) Factors that Regulate Control Agent Populations. B) Factors that Determine Effectiveness of Agent Populations. Conservation and use of Native Biological Control Agents. Conclusions and Recommendations.