Carbon Nanotube and Related Field Emitters

Carbon Nanotube and Related Field Emitters
Author: Yahachi Saito
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 551
Release: 2010-10-01
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3527632107

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have novel properties that make them potentially useful in many applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science. These characteristics include extraordinary strength, unique electrical properties, and the fact that they are efficient heat conductors. Field emission is the emission of electrons from the surface of a condensed phase into another phase due to the presence of high electric fields. CNT field emitters are expected to make a breakthrough in the development of field emission display technology and enable miniature X-ray sources that will find a wide variety of applications in electronic devices, industry, and medical and security examinations. This first monograph on the topic covers all aspects in a concise yet comprehensive manner - from the fundamentals to applications. Divided into four sections, the first part discusses the preparation and characterization of carbon nanotubes, while part two is devoted to the field emission properties of carbon nanotubes, including the electron emission mechanism, characteristics of CNT electron sources, and dynamic behavior of CNTs during operation. Part three highlights field emission from other nanomaterials, such as carbon nanowalls, diamond, and silicon and zinc oxide nanowires, before concluding with frontier R&D applications of CNT emitters, from vacuum electronic devices such as field emission displays, to electron sources in electron microscopes, X-ray sources, and microwave amplifiers. Edited by a pioneer in the field, each chapter is written by recognized experts in the respective fields.

Nanostructured Carbon Electron Emitters and Their Applications

Nanostructured Carbon Electron Emitters and Their Applications
Author: Yahachi Saito
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 374
Release: 2022-01-27
Genre: Science
ISBN: 1000333795

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Carbon forms a variety of allotropes due to the diverse hybridization of s- and p-electron orbitals, including the time-honored graphite and diamond as well as new forms such as C60 fullerene, nanotubes, graphene, and carbyne. The new family of carbon isotopes—fullerene, nanotubes, graphene, and carbyne—is called “nanostructured carbon” or “nanocarbon.” These isotopes exhibit extreme properties such as ultrahigh mechanical strength, ultrahigh charge–carrier mobility, and high thermal conductivity, attracting considerable attention for their electronic and mechanical applications as well as for exploring new physics and chemistry in the field of basic materials science. Electron sources are important in a wide range of areas, from basic physics and scientific instruments to medical and industrial applications. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene behave as excellent electron-field emitters owing to their exceptional properties and offer several benefits compared to traditional cathodes. Field emission (FE) produces very intense electron currents from a small surface area with a narrow energy spread, providing a highly coherent electron beam—a combination that not only provides us with the brightest electron sources but also explores a new field of electron beam–related research. This book presents the enthusiastic research and development of CNT-based FE devices and focuses on the fundamental aspects of FE from nanocarbon materials, including CNTs and graphene, and the latest research findings related to it. It discusses applications of FE to X-ray and UV generation and reviews electron sources in vacuum electronic devices and space thrusters. Finally, it reports on the new forms of carbon produced via FE from CNT.

Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Based Thin Film Field Emitter

Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Based Thin Film Field Emitter
Author: Niraj Sinha
Publisher:
Total Pages: 161
Release: 2008
Genre:
ISBN: 9780494433478

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In recent years, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as one of the best field emitters for a variety of technological applications. The field emitting cathodes have several advantages over the conventional thermionic cathodes: (i) current density from field emission would be orders of magnitude greater than in the thermionic case, (ii) a cold cathode would minimize the need for cooling, and (iii) a field emitting cathode can be miniaturized. In spite of good performance of such cathodes, the procedure to estimate the device current is not straight forward and the required insight towards design optimization is not well understood. In addition, the current in CNT-based thin film devices shows fluctuation. Such fluctuation in field emission current is not desirable for many biomedical applications such as x-ray devices. The CNTs in a thin film undergo complex dynamics during field emission, which includes processes such as (i) evolution, (ii) electromechanical interaction, (iii) thermoelectric heating, (iv) ballistic transport, and (v) electron gas flow. These processes are coupled and nonlinear. Therefore, they must be analyzed accurately from the stability and long-term performance point of view. In this research, we develop detailed physics-based models of CNTs considering the aspects mentioned above.

Integrally Gated Carbon Nanotube-on-Post Field Emitter Arrays

Integrally Gated Carbon Nanotube-on-Post Field Emitter Arrays
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages: 4
Release: 2001
Genre:
ISBN:

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Carbon nanotubes (cNT) are excellent field emitters on account of their chemical, structural, and electronic properties, which afford important aspects of robustness that have been lacking in the conventional metal and silicon field emitter arrays (FEA). They possess high current-carrying capacity and mechanical strength. Their small diameters (2-50 nm) and high aspect ratios produce high geometric field enhancement, which remains nearly constant even when material is removed from the end of the tubes such as by back ion bombardment. A key contributing factor to their stability as field emitters is the lack of surface oxide formation. Surface oxide formation on metal or silicon emitters impedes electron transport to the surface and causes changes in the emission characteristics during operation. Furthermore, the oxides could be the main cause for FEA catastrophic destruction by trapping charge which could lead to arcing. 1 It has also been suggested that carbon nanotubes do not form nanoprotrusions as metal and silicon cathodes do, thus making current runaway and arcing less likely to occur. 2.

Nanotube Superfiber Materials

Nanotube Superfiber Materials
Author: Mark Schulz
Publisher: William Andrew
Total Pages: 861
Release: 2013-09-16
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1455778648

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Nanotube Superfiber Materials refers to different forms of macroscale materials with unique properties constructed from carbon nanotubes. These materials include nanotube arrays, ribbons, scrolls, yarn, braid, and sheets. Nanotube materials are in the early stage of development and this is the first dedicated book on the subject. Transitioning from molecules to materials is a breakthrough that will positively impact almost all industries and areas of society. Key properties of superfiber materials are high flexibility and fatigue resistance, high energy absorption, high strength, good electrical conductivity, high maximum current density, reduced skin and proximity effects, high thermal conductivity, lightweight, good field emission, piezoresistive, magnetoresistive, thermoelectric, and other properties. These properties will open up the door to dozens of applications including replacing copper wire for power conduction, EMI shielding, coax cable, carbon biofiber, bullet-proof vests, impact resistant glass, wearable antennas, biomedical microdevices, biosensors, self-sensing composites, supercapacitors, superinductors, hybrid superconductor, reinforced elastomers, nerve scaffolding, energy storage, and many others. The scope of the book covers three main areas: Part I: Processing; Part II: Properties; and Part III: Applications. Processing involves nanotube synthesis and macro scale material formation methods. Properties covers the mechanical, electrical, chemical and other properties of nanotubes and macroscale materials. Different approaches to growing high quality long nanotubes and spinning the nanotubes into yarn are explained in detail. The best ideas are collected from all around the world including commercial approaches. Applications of nanotube superfiber cover a huge field and provides a broad survey of uses. The book gives a broad overview starting from bioelectronics to carbon industrial machines. First book to explore the production and applications of macro-scale materials made from nano-scale particles Sets out the processes for producing macro-scale materials from carbon nanotubes, and describes the unique properties of these materials Potential applications for CNT fiber/yarn include replacing copper wire for power conduction, EMI shielding, coax cable, carbon biofiber, bullet-proof vests, impact resistant glass, wearable antennas, biomedical microdevices, biosensors, self-sensing composites, supercapacitors, superinductors, hybrid superconductor, reinforced elastomers, nerve scaffolding, energy storage, and many others

Modern Developments in Vacuum Electron Sources

Modern Developments in Vacuum Electron Sources
Author: Georg Gaertner
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 609
Release: 2020-10-09
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 3030472914

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This book gives an overview of modern cathodes and electron emitters for vacuum tubes and vacuum electron devices in general. It covers the latest developments in field emission theory as well as new methods towards improving thermionic and cold cathodes. It addresses thermionic cathodes, such as oxide cathodes, impregnated and scandate cathodes, as well as photocathodes and field emitters – the latter comprising carbon nanotubes, graphene and Spindt-type emitter arrays. Despite the rise and fall of the once dominant types of vacuum tubes, such as radio valves and cathode ray tubes, cathodes are continually being improved upon as new applications with increased demands arise, for example in electron beam lithography, high-power and high-frequency microwave tubes, terahertz imaging and electron sources for accelerators. Written by 17 experts in the field, the book presents the latest developments in cathodes needed for these applications, discussing the state of the art and addressing future trends.

In-plane Carbon Nanotube Field Emitters for High Temperature Integrated Electronics

In-plane Carbon Nanotube Field Emitters for High Temperature Integrated Electronics
Author: Andrew Hayes Monica
Publisher: ProQuest
Total Pages: 206
Release: 2008
Genre:
ISBN: 9780549740896

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The field emitter structures consist of carbon nanotubes that are created using one of two distinct techniques: dielectrophoretic assembly or thermal chemical vapor deposition synthesis. I will discuss how such techniques can be used to create lateral CNT structures suitable for planar field emission while also enabling complete compatibility with modern semiconductor processing techniques. The electrical and thermal performance results of planar CNT field emitters operating in diode and triode configurations are also reported.

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Nanotubes
Author: Jose Mauricio Marulanda
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Total Pages: 574
Release: 2011-08-01
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9533074965

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), discovered in 1991, have been a subject of intensive research for a wide range of applications. In the past decades, although carbon nanotubes have undergone massive research, considering the success of silicon, it has, nonetheless, been difficult to appreciate the potential influence of carbon nanotubes in current technology. The main objective of this book is therefore to give a wide variety of possible applications of carbon nanotubes in many industries related to electron device technology. This should allow the user to better appreciate the potential of these innovating nanometer sized materials. Readers of this book should have a good background on electron devices and semiconductor device physics as this book presents excellent results on possible device applications of carbon nanotubes. This book begins with an analysis on fabrication techniques, followed by a study on current models, and it presents a significant amount of work on different devices and applications available to current technology.

Aligned Carbon Nanotubes

Aligned Carbon Nanotubes
Author: Zhifeng Ren
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 310
Release: 2012-09-05
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3642304907

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This book gives a survey of the physics and fabrication of carbon nanotubes and their applications in optics, electronics, chemistry and biotechnology. It focuses on the structural characterization of various carbon nanotubes, fabrication of vertically or parallel aligned carbon nanotubes on substrates or in composites, physical properties for their alignment, and applications of aligned carbon nanotubes in field emission, optical antennas, light transmission, solar cells, chemical devices, bio-devices, and many others. Major fabrication methods are illustrated in detail, particularly the most widely used PECVD growth technique on which various device integration schemes are based, followed by applications such as electrical interconnects, nanodiodes, optical antennas, and nanocoax solar cells, whereas current limitations and challenges are also be discussed to lay the foundation for future developments.

Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures

Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures
Author: Peter John Frederich Harris
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 298
Release: 2001-10-18
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9780521005333

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This is a 1999 book on carbon nanotubes, one of the most exciting areas in materials chemistry.